The Oppression of Women Drives The AIDS Epidemic in Africa :: Disease AIDS Essays Africa Women

The Oppression of Women Drives The assist Epidemic in Africa Africa is facing a devastating crisis with respect to the AIDS pestiferous, currently accounting for over 70% of the worlds HIV-positive population. There are, of course, many factors that drive the explosive transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, but in the tangled web that is the epidemic in Africa, many of these issues share a common thread. The oppression of women in Africa can be considered the virus cultural vector. Females are rendered powerless in African societies, and subsisting gender inequalities are largely responsible for the spread of the disease. Females disadvantaged position in society is intrinsic all(prenominal)y linked to the subordination of women in their relationships with men. In baffle for progress to be made, an examination of gender relations and empowerment for women must take place. To be successful, AIDS campaigns must be built on the existing organizational skills of women, b ut must incorporate men as well. The blatantly skewed distribution of power in African patriarchal societies makes women extremely endangered but has dangerous implications for all.To examine the forces that steer the epidemic down its course, the epidemiology of HIV and AIDS in Africa must first be considered. More than 80% of all HIV infections in Africa are acquired through heterosexual contact. This statistic is grossly out of balance with the 13% rate of infection through heterosexual contact in the United States. Vertical transmission from mother to child is the second most common route for the virus to take in Africa (Essex et al., 158). These rates are slackly much higher than in the United States and Europe, where the use of a drug called neviropine has drastically reduced mother-to-child transmission. This disparity is a direct result of differences in the nations wealth. African nations simply cannot afford to provide the drug to infected pregnant women. The continued t ransmission of HIV through contaminated lineage during processes such as blood transfusions is another dismal consequence of poverty and inferior health services in many African countries. This method accounts for the third most important elan of transmission, one that has been virtually eradicated in many countries because the technology is available to prevent it (Essex et al., 159). Part of what makes the situation in Africa so devastating is that the primary roads the virus travels in Africa were shut down long ago in other countries. Much of the worlds population already takes many of the roadblocks for granted.

Running From Cops :: essays research papers

Parties and Cops, name a better combo?                                                                 Running from the cops isnt a very "healthy" experience, but it is by far one of the more bizarre and exciting things Ive ever gone through. I cant say I wouldnt like to go through it again, but at the same time my "Ego" seems to suppress my "Id" on this one. I dont exactly know the single reason for my desire to repeat such a perfidious event, but my analytical mind definitely comes up with a few logical conclusions.     I like treating this experience and the events around it like a swindle baloney. The setting is a warm summers night in a rich neighborhood of Avon Connecticut. Av on is the town in which my cousin Seth resides. The characters in the story atomic number 18 myself, Seth, Mike, John, and Johns reluctant girlfriend Sarah. The introduction is Seth and I sittingin the family room of his parents newly renovated house. Crisis number one, I turn to Seth, "Hey what are we going to do tonight?" "I dont know let me make some phone calls, its barely eight fifteen, not much starts till 930." I cant remember if it was the mochacinno I had unspoiled downed, or my general impatient nature, but I was fidgeting uncontrollably to get out of that coarse family room and out to some party. To my excitement however, Seth was exceedingly resourceful and one phone call was all it took before we were off, burning rubber at 65 mph in his swift Honda Accord. In a few minutes time I found myself sitting on a sticky seat at a nearby McDonalds. Cheeseburger in tip over and mouth I was trying to make conversation with both Seths friends and my stomach, wh ich both seemed very interested in talking to me. At this point in the story our party is ten people strong. Because I am not from the area I find myself doing most of the listening and little of the talking. The girls in the group staunch most of the conversation, which consists largely of gossip revolving around whos having sex with who (not in those words), and about some large party at one of their friends houses. The first crisis is finally solve when the group decides to "stop by" the party. My better judgment dissects "stopping by" as more like getting really drunk, passing out and light up the next morning.

Edward Kennedy Ellington :: essays research papers

The man was born Edward Kennedy Ellington but he exists in the eyes of American culture as the Duke. He received the nickname from a childhood friend who recognized his style and debonair. That style would carry him around the country and eventually the world as one of the medical specialty worlds most prolific composers. His life began in Washington DC on April 29, 1899. Duke did not start up as a child prodigy spot he took piano lessons, he leaned more to sports in his formative years. His parents were strong role models who supported his interests and taught him how to be successful in life. As he grew up and made his way through high domesticate, he developed artistic talent which would lead him to seek higher education in that field. He dark down and prestigious scholarship to Pratt Institute of Fine Art and stayed in Washington to attend Armstrong Manual Training School instead. It was during college that his interest in music took off. He was intrigued by Ragtime style pi anists in Washington and would seek out Jazz piano players wherever he went. His earliest personal decide was a piano player named Harvey Brooks. Combined with his early teachers, Oliver Doc Perry and Louis Brown, Duke Ellington found the encouragement and skills necessary for him to go out and become successful. He left school to pursue music as a career and found some work in Washington with his first hardening The Dukes Serenaders. They contend in Washington for six years before making an important move to New York in 1923 at the advice of Jazz great Fats Waller. In that year Ellington record his first record and changed the bands name to The Washingtonians.Radio was the big key to the foundation of Ellingtons success in New York. It was radio which had nimble New Yorkers for his sound and once his band made connections with the major New York clubs, it was radio which made their sound a national phenomenon. The most important of the clubs which Duke Ellington played for was the Cotton Club. The combination of the national radio broadcasts that aired from the Cotton Club and the addition of Irving Mills as the bands manager launched Ellington from running a great band to being a star. His fame gave him the ability to develop his band and add in the best musicians from around the country.

The Effects of Losing Rainforest :: essays research papers

According to the article satellite images reflect that the Amazon rainforest is diminishing at an enormous rate. About 10,000 square miles of this beautiful forest is being lost to pastures for grazing, soybean plantations, and illegal logging. Since the year before there has been a forty percent increase in the deforestation of the Amazon forest. The Amazon is the worlds largest tropical rainforest. They expect this horrible trend to only execute worse. Some conclude that if the forest is non protected that it will be wiped out in only eighty yearsThe destruction of our earths rainforest is precise depressing. Last semester I took Ecol 1000 and this class deals with only of the horrible things humans do to our planet. I didnt realize that the rainforests were being ruined at such a dramatic pace. People use a technique called slash and burn which enables them to clear plots in order for cattle or for other agricultural purposes. The rainforest provides a habitat for a wide arra y of species. This is not fair for people to go in and take all over there homes. The destruction of the rainforests has intense adverse affects on lots of differing things. Rainforest not only house a great number of species of insects and trees but it alike holds cures for diseases. The destruction of the rainforest has not really been proven how it will affect us because there is so much information to be gathered. We do not know all of the consequences that we will endure once all of the trees are gone and all of the wild life has been sunk.It is scary to think about the consequences we whitethorn suffer. Once all of these magnificent forests are gone the green house gas levels will increase and we also dont know all of the harmful effects that this may cause. We need to do everything possible to develop a way to better manage the destruction of our rainforest before it is to upstartSummary As our population grows every year, we lose very valuable resources. People are conti nuously reducing the biodiversity of our planet. The loss of biodiversity with our tropical rainforests, oceans, and lakes are very harmful and unpredictable.Rainforest are so rich with various species that it is highly doubtful that we will ever encounter them all. Rainforest are being destroyed by developing nations in order for homes, agriculture, and other various reasons.

What caused the Hindenburg explosion :: essays research papers

     The Hindenburg was a luxury airship, from nazi Germany. This "Titanic of the skies" (no pun intended) was destroyed by a flash fire in 1937 while landing in New Jersey after making its 10th transatlantic crossing. Thirty-five of the 97 batch aboard and one ground crew member were killed when the blimp burst into flames and was rapidly consumed by the fire.      The Hindenburg was filled with atomic number 1 swash which is lighter than air. The fumble was stored in sixteen large gas cells inside the ship. Like all gases, hydrogen expands when heated. If the hydrogen gas in the Hindenburg were to overheat, the gas could expand enough to burst the gas cells and send the ship plummeting to earth. The Hindenburgs engineers knew about this potential danger and came up with a solution to the problem they painted the surface of the airship with a chemical "doping step up" that contained powdered aluminum and iron oxide. This compound was chosen because it did a good job of reflecting the rays of the sun, therefore ensuring that the gas cells inside the ship would not overheat.           There begin been three main theories as to what happened to cause such a disaster. The official story has always been that the Hindenburg disaster was caused by the ignition of the flammable hydrogen gas used to lift the zeppelin. This has been over and over proven to be incorrect because witnesses of the explosion proclaim that it was like a fire works display, ummm... hydrogen burn without color.... Even pictures depicting the explosion show that the blaze from it contains pigment      The second theory is that the cause of the explosion was an electrical conductor. The doping compound that was used to prevent the hydrogen from heating up was extremely flammable. On the night before the Hindenburg was landing their was an electrical storm, and the surface of the ship became electrically charged. Engineers had already planned for this however, they attached slipperiness lines, ropes, that would go down to the ground and take the static charge to the ground with them as the ship landed. There were, however, panels that remained charged. Eventually, this built-up electricity inside the remaining panels took the form of a spark. Since the charged panels were covered with the doping compounds highly reactive metal powders, this spark caused them to ignite and burn very rapidly.

What caused the Hindenburg explosion :: essays research papers

     The Hindenburg was a luxury airship, from nazi Germany. This "Titanic of the skies" (no pun intended) was destroyed by a flash fire in 1937 while landing in New Jersey after making its 10th transatlantic crossing. Thirty-five of the 97 stack aboard and one ground crew member were killed when the blimp burst into flames and was rapidly consumed by the fire.      The Hindenburg was filled with hydrogen screw up which is lighter than air. The ball up was stored in sixteen large gas cells inside the ship. Like all gases, hydrogen expands when heated. If the hydrogen gas in the Hindenburg were to overheat, the gas could expand enough to burst the gas cells and send the ship plummeting to earth. The Hindenburgs engineers knew about this potential danger and came up with a solution to the problem they painted the surface of the airship with a chemical "doping increase" that contained powdered aluminum and iron oxide. This co mpound was chosen because it did a good job of reflecting the rays of the sun, therefore ensuring that the gas cells inside the ship would not overheat.           There vex been three main theories as to what happened to cause such a disaster. The official story has always been that the Hindenburg disaster was caused by the ignition of the flammable hydrogen gas used to lift the zeppelin. This has been over and over proven to be incorrect because witnesses of the explosion proclaim that it was like a fire works display, ummm... hydrogen fire without color.... Even pictures depicting the explosion show that the blaze from it contains pigment      The second theory is that the cause of the explosion was an electrical conductor. The doping compound that was used to prevent the hydrogen from heating up was extremely flammable. On the night before the Hindenburg was landing their was an electrical storm, and the surface of the ship became electrically charged. Engineers had already planned for this however, they attached bunk lines, ropes, that would go down to the ground and take the static charge to the ground with them as the ship landed. There were, however, panels that remained charged. Eventually, this built-up electricity inside the remaining panels took the form of a spark. Since the charged panels were covered with the doping compounds highly reactive metal powders, this spark caused them to ignite and burn very rapidly.

Solar Energy Informative Speech

Heather Smith Informative Outline Michelle Talasis Topic solar Energy General Purpose To inform Specific PurposeTo inform the uses of Solar Energy to my audience. ThesisWhen all(a) of our graphic fogy fuels are baseborn or g iodine, solar pushing willing be one of the leading sources of capability that we will need in the future. Introduction Attention Getter Natural fossil fuels, such as coal use for burning, oil utilize for gasoline, and natural gas employ to heat and warm houses, are a threat to the domain and everything in it. Fossil fuels pollute the air and they are non-renewable and non-recyclable.We need different energy sources that are renewable and recyclable for our future existence. Unlike fossil fuels, solar energy is renewable and recyclable. When all of our natural fossil fuels are scare or gone, solar energy will be one of the leading sources of energy that we will need in the future. With all of the technology we stomach today, we can develop different ways to use and harness these energy sources. Reason to harkSolar energy is making a big impact on lives today all over the world. The development of solar energy in all ways and technologies is making our world a cleaner, safer, and less dependent nation.A. Thesis Statement When all of our natural fossil fuels are low or gone, solar energy will be one of the leading sources of energy that we will need in the future. B. Credibility Statement My dad is an electrician that puts up solar energy plants for businesses. I had to research for this paper. C. Preview of Main Points 1. First I will explain solar energy technology and how it can be used in houses. 2. Next, I will explain the uses of solar energy and how it will be helpful saving weewee. 3. Finally, I will explain the unique uses of solar energy in transportation and military weapons. II. Body A.People have created new technologies for others to use in their homes, vehicles or buildings. 1. One of the technologies that people ha ve created to be energy cost- in effect(p) is the photovoltaic cells or solar cells which use sunlight and convert it into electricity automatically. PVs can be used in anything from watches to an electric grid. They can as well as be used to provide energy to places where post lines cannot be attached to buildings. Thermal technologies use the heat from the sun and use it directly in seat or water heating in homes and buildings or it is directly converted into electricity, says Fischer and Finnell.Thermal technologies are also used for agriculture needs that farmers pedigree or crops require. With solar energy being used in electrical, heating, and transportation applications, the idea for an energy efficient house would be more probable. Energy efficient improvements can cut energy costs by over 40% in most affordable housing. They help reduce health risks from mold, dust mites, radon, and flame by-products and other contaminants. These houses have less condensation, and be tter moisture control and temperature. These energy improvements usually cost less than the savings they offer on utility bills.Increasing the mensurate of a home is a great investment-paying high energybills are not. TransitionNow that I have discussed new solar technologies that people use in their homes, and for electricity, I will now explain the uses of solar energy in water. A. Solar power has helped with electricity and heat, but it can also help with the maturement need for fresh-cut water. 1. Instead of using fossil fuels and electricity to desalinate water, engineers at the University of Florida have developed a system that uses a gravity-induced vacuum and solar energy. (Here Comes the Sun) The desalination of water is the same process as nature. . A U-shaped pipe is place in two different containers, one place in salt water and the other in fresh water. ii. A vacuum is then surrounded by a circulator that heats the saltwater and the salt water is then evaporated. ii i. The evaporated steam is then condensed and finally the fresh water drips down into a tank. This system have been proved to be 90% efficient, while the solar stills only proved to be 50% efficient. Water has been desalinized by solar power for more efficient and inexpensive drinking water and fresh water supply, but it is also being detoxified by solar power for other usages around the house.Detoxification of water by solar power has proved to be one of the most promising methods to disinfect water, an earth-friendly operation and it does not create harmful emissions. One way was ZED or Zero Effluent Discharge, says Inamdar and Singh. i. ZED attached of inadequately cleaned waste water that is contaminating fresh water resources, the waste water will recycle water properly if it is forced to generate fresh water from the waste water generated by them, and it is economical to use recycled water than to pay for consuming fresh water and wasting waste water.TransitionNow that we hav e learned the uses of solar energy in water, I will explain the uses solar energy in military weapons and transportation. Solar power is being used for disinfecting water and electricity, but for transportation and military weapons? 1. Solar power has been used in cruise boats and ferries. The first boat that used solar power was in Australian waters that won a contract to build another ferry to carry passengers between San Francisco Harbor and Alcatraz Island, explains Thwaites, a science writer and spreader in Australia. i.The guy who built the solar powered boat is Robert Dane. ii. He wanted to build a boat that was powered by solar power and wind power. iii. He called it the Solar Sailor, which has an electric motor they can power to drive the propeller properly, meaning the boat will be more efficient and easy to move and back up without stalling them. Solar Sailor technology also helped the Navy create UOVs or Unmanned Ocean Vehicles. i. These vehicles could be used to collect data for climate research, ocean exploration, offshore oil exploration and production and evening surveillance of pipelines and telecommunications.Solar power is also being used in the US Military and even some weapons too. The US Military have installed black and blue solar panels to use in solar-powered battlefield radios and even in tents with solar panels woven into their fabric to power military equipment, says John Naish, an environmental campaigner. The solar panels are also being used for sensors and radars, which saves troops from being predictable targets when they regularly refuel generators. I. Conclusion Review of Main Points Today, I explained how solar energy technology can be used in houses.Second, I discussed the uses of solar energy and how it will be helpful saving water. Finally, I talked about the unique uses of solar energy in transportation and military weapons. reprise ThesisWhen all of our natural fossil fuels are low or gone, solar energy will be one of the leading sources of energy that we will need in the future. Closure If we dont continue to develop different ways and technology to lessen our needs on all of our natural fossil fuels, water, natural gas, and the environment, we will soon be living in our own human and mechanical waste.

Different Types of Vietnamese Foods Essay

It is amazing how diverse the various types of purification do-nothing be. From country to country, even down to the different states and regions within the same nation. Culture is said to select five basic characteristics it is learned, it is has symbolic structure, it is shared, and it has the ability to adapt. It is a system consisting of variables that constitute a rational way of life (Vien, 2003). A remove in amicable environments results in a change in culture as well, which is why Vietnam has three different regions. Many times, regimen is a factor that differentiates cultures from various areas. inwardly Vietnam are three regions Bac Bo (the north), Trung Bo (the center) and Nam Bo (the south). Each of these regions not only carries their own culture, but they also speak different dialects and are famous for their own kinds of knockoutes.One of the parkland traditions within all three regions is rice. Vietnamese culture always includes rice in every meal. With 70% o f the Vietnamese population residing in rural areas containing small-scaled rice paddy rice farmers, Vietnam the second largest exporter of rice in the world (Rutten, Dijk, Rooij, & Hilderink, 2014). Rice is often served as the main complementary entre rusten with side discuses. The customary way to eat in The Vietnamese involves a family style dinner. Every hotshot has their own small bowl of rice, while the center of the table consists of many different types of side dishes and sauces (Countries, 2014). These types of dishes are representative of different regions and their wealth. The wealthier the family, the more protein or dishes are served. Everyone uses the chopsticks (the common Vietnamese utensil) to pick at the center dishes and bring food back to their bowl of rice (Countries, 2014). The traditionalistic drink during mealtime is freshly brewed tea served from a teapot.Although the Vietnamese regions share some common food-related traditions, the dishes can differ in t heir own unique way. Each region is known to have its own specialty dishes that were influenced by its surrounding environment. temper plays a huge factor in foods that are popular amongst these areas. Climate affects the food in several ways, such as direct effects production of crops, which leads to food supply (Gregory, Ingram, & Brklacich, 2005). Each of these groups has its own distinctive culture and is associated with a proper(postnominal) environmental setting (Vien, 2003). Also, another factor to consider on the different types of food from each region is the influences from the neighboring countries.The first region is North Vietnam Bac Bo. chinaware influences many of Bac Bos dishes. Thats why many of the dishes tend to be more stir fried and include egg rolls, soy sauce and monosodium glutamate (Destination, 2014). Their dishes tend to have delicate flavors. The weather in North Vietnam is a bit colder therefore they cannot grow much herbs and spices (Destinations, 20 14). Their dishes have less vegetables, fish and meats compare to other areas in Vietnam (Destinations, 2014). Since they dont cook with chilies, use black pepper and they use less sugar in their dishes. A popular dish that originated from Bac Bo is Banh Cuon. Banh Cuon is a paper-thin rice pancake rolled with ground pork and mushrooms with a side of dipping sauce with herbs and sausages. Southern Vietnam, Nam Bo, is also hugely influenced by China. However, influences from India, France, and Siamese have also made an impact on their food (Destinations, 2014). The Red River Delta, in Southern Vietnam which is right beside the Mekong Delta has the highest level of agricultural service distribute from their regions (Adger, 1999).The warming weather supports the growth of more crops such as animals, vegetables and fruits (Food, 2014). Nam Bo cuisine tends to be richer in flavor since they use more sugar, fresh herbs and garlic. A popular dish from South Vietnam is Cha Tom. Cha Tom i s shrimp wrapped in sugarcane. The commutation of Vietnam, Trung Bo, is mostly known for their spicy dishes. This region contains the mountainous environment which produces many spices (Food, 2014). The foods in Trung Bo almost resemble the royal cuisine back in ancient Vietnam, very decorative and colorful for the kings and queens (Food, 2014). A populardish in Central Vietnam is Bun Bo Hue. Bun Bo Hue is a spicy soup with rice vermicelli and beef. Vietnamese cuisines are infiltrating into America as well. The popular Vietnamese soup, Pho, beef attic soup has captured the hearts of America (Loh, 2002). Pho cannot be found everywhere in America yet, but it is likely to become the next mainstream Asian cuisine in America (Loh, 2002). There is a couple of states that have Pho restaurant but mostly in California. A Campbell Soup Company has partnered with a Vietnamese American chef to create a refrigeration pho broth to the food service industry (Loh, 2002).Also, Chefs at University of Massachusetts in Amherst started serving Pho once a week in the residential dining halls (Loh, 2002). The schools director of dining services says, If it gets more popular, well make it three times a week. The This Vietnamese broth is one of a couple of Vietnamese cuisines that influence Americans. Banh Mi, Vietnamese sandwiches is the next big food item that America has adopted. In 1983, the first lee(prenominal)s organise was created in San Jose CA (Lees, 2014). Lees sells a mix of modern and traditional Asian-American cuisines traditional Vietnamese sandwiches and American sandwiches on baguettes or croissants both can be found on their menu (Lees, 2014).With this strategy, Lees Sandwich has developed to become one of the fastest growing restaurants chains in the West. Lees Sandwich was recognized as one of the Top 50 foodservice bakery in the United states by Modern Baking in 2005 (Lees, 2014). rest today with 55 stores country wide. Lees sandwich is another wonderful Viet namese cuisine that is slowly but surely influencing America. The Vietnamese culture is gradually growing throughout America with the help of Vietnamese-Americans citizens. The U.S. does a good job of upholding our reputation of diversity it is astonishing to see how this country is so devote to trying new and different types of food. The willingness to intertwine with other ethic culture and food continues to make huge progress in this development.ReferencesAdger, W. N. (1999). Social Vulnerability To Climate Change And Extremes In Coastal Vietnam. World Development, 27(2), 249-269. Countries and Their Cultures. (n.d.). Culture of Vietnam. Retrieved September 28, 2014, from http//www.everyculture.com/To-Z/Vietnam.html Destination Vietnam. (n.d.).Rice, herbs, spices. Retrieved September 29, 2014, from http//www.destination-asia.com/vietnam/about/taste/ Food. (n.d.). Inside Vietnam. Retrieved September 29, 2014, from http//www.insidevietnamtours.com/vietnamese-culture/food/ Gregory, P., Ingram, J., & Brklacich, M. (2005, October 24). Climate change and food security. Climate change and food security. Retrieved September 29, 2014, from http//rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/360/1463/2139.full.pdf+html Lees Sandwiches Franchise. (n.d.). Costs & Fees. Retrieved September 29, 2014, from http//www.thefranchisemall.com/franchises/details/13774-0-lees_sandwiches.htm Loh, L. (2002, May 13). The Next ethnic Dish of the Day Vietnamese Pho. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved September 29, 2014, from http//articles.latimes.com/2002/may/13/business/fi-pho13 Rutten, M., Dijk, M. V., Rooij, W. V., & Hilderink, H. (2014). Land Use Dynamics, Climate Change, and Food Security in Vietnam A Global-to-local mannikin Approach. World Development, 59, 29-46. Vien, T. D. (2003). Culture, environment, and farming systems in Vietnams northern mountain region. Cambridge University Press Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 41. Vietnamese Cuisine, Food & Recipes. (n.d.). Asian Recipes. Retrie ved September 29, 2014, from http//www.asian-recipe.com/vietnam

Whats Really Good Essay

(1) (a) One passage from Nouwen I found particularly informative to my learning was from the middle of paragraph one of varlet 103. Nouwen explains, Poverty is the familiar disposition that allows us to take away our defenses and convert our enemies into friends. We can only perceive the stranger as an oppositeness as desire as we bedevil something to defend. Here Nouwen is explaining that a reason for hostility is because we be numb that others will take away what we cave in.This can be anything to actual sunburn property, or our beliefs of what we are, such as the thought that we are the best math student. We are hesitant to help another student unwrap because we are afraid they may threaten our belief that we are the best student. Nouwen is saying that if we become poor, as in overcome our fear of losing something, we can become great hosts of hospitality. If we are willing to give up everything we have, no longer will strangers become threats. It becomes easier to give and create an open space for our guest to be themselves, once we have invited in poverty and faced the fear of loss. Moving from hostility to hospitality is a major theme of Nouwens book.(b) A Christine doctrine implicit in this passage is the doctrine of original sin. Unfortunately, we all believe we can create our get reality and exist as a God in our own right. As a result of this belief we fail to recognize the dignity and commonality in all beings. Our original sin causes us to shun others out believing that we do not need them and can manage sufficiently in isolation. In reality this hurts both ourselves and others from not realizing our interdependent nature. (c) After interpreting this passage I began to realize how often I do this to other people.I recognized that at times out of selfishness and fear of losing everything I have worked so hard for I view other people as opponents, not as people who inherently deserve respect for being created in the image of God. I then sta rted to ponder how I have felt or would feel if I was viewed by a stranger as enemy for no apparent reason. I discovered how horrible it is that we hold our things and beliefs over the worth and well being of or fellow individuals.It seems so foolish that we would by dint of this. And from this recognition I realized how the marginalized can be used to promote change and growth within myself and others. (2) Loneliness, the longing for deep connection, perfect love and inner peace does give rise to illusion. Nouwen, illustrates, It is sad to see how sometimes people suffering from loneliness, often deepened by the lack of affection in their intimate family circle, bet for a final solution for their pains and look at a new friend, a new lover, or a new community with messianic expectations (Page 30, Par 2). Here is becomes apparent that when people are suffering from loneliness

Ethnic Groups and Racism Essay

GENERAL SOCIOLOGY/SOCIETY CULTURE ETHNIC hostS AND RACISM I. INTRODUCTION Race and ethnicality argon principal(prenominal) concepts in the field of sociology and are iodines that are studied a big deal. Race plays a large role in everyday human interactions and sociologists sine qua non to study how, why, and what the outcomes are of these interactions. A run away is a human population that is believed to be distinct in some way from other humans establish on real or imagined physical differences. Racial classifications are rooted in the idea of biological classification of humans according to morphological features much(prenominal) as skin color or facial characteristics.An one-on-one is usually externally classified (meaning someone else makes the classification) into a racial free radical rather than the individual choosing where they belong as case of their identity. Conceptions of race, as well as specific racial radicalings, are often controversial due to their impa ct on complaisant identity and how those identities influence someones position in companionable hierarchies. Ethnicity, while related to race, refers not to physical characteristics notwithstanding brotherly traits that are overlap by a human population. Some of the social traits often used for ethnic classification embarrass nationality tribe religious faith shared style shared culture shared traditions Unlike race, ethnicity is not usually externally assigned by other individuals.The term ethnicity digestes more upon a gatherings connection to a perceived shared past and culture. II. CONTENT/ CREATIVE REPORT DEFINITION OF RACE AND ETHNICITY Race is a socially specify family line, base on real or perceived biological differences between groups of people. Ethnicity is a socially defined category based on common language, religion, nationality, history or another cultural factor.Sociologists see race and ethnicity as social constructions because they are not rooted in bi ological differences, they change over time, and they never run through firm boundaries. Example White The distinction between race and ethnicity can be displayed or hidden, depending on individual preferences, while racial identities are evermore on display. THE SOCIOLOGICAL MEANING OF ETHNIC GROUPS AND RACISM The classification of people into races and ethnic groups carries deep implication on the social and political life of diametric racial and ethnic groups.These classifications led to the notion of racial transcendence and racial inferiority, culturally advanced groups and culturally disadvantaged, the use of derogatory undertones and parody, isolatedheid policy, variation and mischief, and stereotyping of groups of people. Ethnic encounters take a leak been regular process within the same territorial borders and among the nations of the world. Ethnic conflicts hold been pervasive and dangerous because they cause massive humanitarian suffering, civil wars, and destab ilizing effects. Sociologically, race refers to a group of people whom others believe are genetically distinct and whom they treat accordingly.This term is commonly used to refer to physical differences between people brought astir(predicate) by physical characteristics of genetic origin. This commonness of genetic heritage may be manifested in the shape of the head and face, the shape and color of the eyes, the shape of the nose, lips, and ears, the grain and color of the hair, the skin color, height, blood type and other physical characteristics. Among the significant racial categories studied by early social scientists were the Caucasoid, Mongoloid, Negroid, and the subgroups of primary and derived races. Racial differences are seen as physical differences singled out by the community or order of magnitude as ethnically significant.It is preferable to refer to ethnicity or ethnic groups rather than race for its diachronic and biological connotations. An ethnic group represents a number of persons who have a common cultural background as evidenced by a feeling of loyalty to a given geographical territory or leader, a feeling of identification with and unity among historical and other group experiences, or a high degree of similarity in social norms, ideas and material objects. Members of ethnic groups see themselves as culturally different from other groups in the society and are viewed by others to be so.SOCIAL CONSEQUENCES OF MEMBERSHIP IN RACIAL AND ETHNIC GROUPS Membership in racial and ethnic groups influences peoples social status and roles as they interact with others. Physical characteristics, e finically skin color and certain distinctive cultural traits, complexes, and patterns, become badges for social and sparing status. Frequently, they establish a persons or groups position in the social stratification system and make up the arrangeation for preconception, discrimination, and other forms of differential treatment.Furthermore, when an ethn ic group becomes a target of discrimination, such(prenominal) group may utilize the grotesque physical or cultural traits as the rallying force for promoting common loyalties and enhancing corporal action. When peoples definition of physical characteristics greatly affects their relationship, such definitions generally become interlinked with cultural differences. A classic example is the white mans justification of his technological, sparing, political and military superiority.Examples are such ideologies as the God-chosen race, the white mans burden and more lately, the apartheid policy. Since the early days of the United States, indigene Americans, African-Americans and European-Americans were classified as belonging to different races. But the criteria for membership in these races were radically different. For Africans, the government considered anyone with African appearance to be purely African. Native Americans, on the other hand, were classified based on a certain per centage of Indian blood. Finally, European-Americans had to have purely white product line.The differing criteria for assigning membership to particular races had relatively little to do with biology it had far more to do with maintaining a groups defined roles and position. Racial and ethnic membership leads to a hotshot of people-hood. By this, we mean a sense of identification with a relatively small segment of the worlds population- those who by virtue of common ancestry or heritage we consider our own kind. Erich Fromm wrote in 1941 The identity with nature, clan, religion, gives the individual security. He belongs to, he is rooted in, structuralized whole in which he has an veritable place. He may suffer from hunger or suppression, but he does not suffer from worst of all pains- complete aloneness and doubt. PATTERNS OF ETHNIC GROUP RELATIONS People who occupy a subordinate status are usually called a minority group. What determines a minority group is not the unique racia l or ethnics traits nor their great number but the relationship of different groups in the society of which they are a part. A minority group, then is one that, because of the power of differences among the groups, is singled out for unequal treatment in the society.A minority refers to a group which, because of physical and cultural characteristics, occupies a subordinate position in the society and subjected to collective discrimination, in some cases, even segregation, oppression, slavery, peonage, military subjugation, religious persecution, and economic, political, educational, and social suppression. The patterns of ethnic group relations include the following 1. Patterns of Racism a. blemish and discrimination Racism is behavior that is motivated by the belief that ones own group is superior to other groups that are set apart on the basis of physical characteristics Structural racism refers to inequalities built into an organization or system.An example of structural racism can be seen in recent research on workplace discrimination. 37 on that point is widespread discrimination against job applicants whose names were merely perceived as sounding black. These applicants were 50% less probably than candidates perceived as having white-sounding names to receive callbacks for interviews, no matter their level of previous experience. Prejudice prejudged negative attitude or opinion about a group without cardinalering to verify the merits of the opinion or judgment The relationship between prejudice and discrimination is complex. Robert Mertons study and typology of the relationship between prejudice and discrimination Four patterns 1.Unprejudiced nondiscriminatory integration 2. Unprejudiced and discriminatory institutional discrimination 3. Prejudiced and nondiscriminatory latent bigotry 4. Prejudiced and discriminatory outright bigotry In his study, (1974), Bulatao listed impressions on some ethnic groups by respondents from five Philippine cit ies Ilocanos and Chinese were viewed as most industrious, serious, thrifty Tagalogs, progressive Bicolanos and Cebuanos, humble, friendly, warm, and peaceful Warays, lazy but substantive and Ilongos, proud and extravagant.b. Discrimination refers to the act of disqualifying or mistreating people on the basis of their group membership or on ascriptive rounds rationally irrelevant to the situation. Whereas prejudice is a state of mind, discrimination is actual behavior. Prejudice and discrimination work hand in hand to create and sustain racial and ethnic stratification, (Jarry J. 1987) THEORIES OF impairment Light gives the following explanations on the origin of prejudice1. Economic Theory- assumes that racial prejudice is a social attitude transmitted by the dominant ethnic majority class for the purpose of stigmatizing some group s as inferior so that the exploitation of the group resources will be justified. 2. Symbolic Theory- asserts that prejudice arises because a racial or ethnic group is a symbol of what people hate, fear, or envy. 3. Scapegoat theory- maintains that human beings are reluctant to accept their mistakes for their troubles and failures so they look for an ethnic-minority to shoulder the blame.4. Social norm theory- asserts that ethnocentrism is a natural development of group living. Hatred and suspicion for the out-group are the standard and normal way of doing things, specially in dealing with people. c. Stereotypes are often simplified and unsupported generalizations about others and are used indiscriminately for all cases. A few examples are Ilokano, bantay kuako (heavy smokers) and kuripot (stingy) Pampangueno, dugong aso (dog blood or traitors) Batangueno, balisong (knife-wielding) Bicolanos, sili ( pepper or hot people).2. Patterns of Competition, Conflict and Domination When ethnocentric attitudes are coupled with intergroup competition for territory and scarce resources, an explosive social situation may arise. When ii groups both strive for the same things- and they perceive their respective claims to be mutually exclusively and legitimate- the stage is set for conflict. In modern societies, the state has become the vehicle that enables one group to dominate and keep the other group subordinate. In sum, competition supplies the motivation for systems of stratification, and ethnocentrism directs competition along racial and ethnic lines, but power determines which group will subjugate the other (Noel, 1972 Barth and Noel, 1975). 3. Economic and Political Subjugation.The economic takeover of one nation by a more almighty one and the subsequent political and social domination of the native population is called colonialism. If the takeover of one nation is trough the military superiority of the more powerful one for the purpose of territorial expansion and establishing colonies, it is termed as military colonialism.On the other hand, if the economic takeover is made through the great technological superior ity of the more powerful one, the institutionalization of their businesses in their former colonies, the control and domination of most of a colonys natural resources, the imposition of mess policies and economic treaties favorable to their side the establishment of outlets for their surplus capital the need for more cheap labor, raw materials, and markets to fuel their growing economy, the process is termed neo-colonialism or economic imperialism.4. Displacement and Segregation of the Native Population Economic and political subjugation of a minority population by a more powerful group is not the only pattern of conquest that occurs when different racial and ethnic group meet.Displacement of native population can be made achievable through the influx of powerful settlers or invaders with their vastly superior weapons. It is typically found in areas rich in natural resources and similar in geography and climate to the homeland of the invading group.Displacement takes the followin g forms a. ) by attrition, that is, numbers of the weaker group may die of starvation or disease either deliberately or not b. ) by population transfer and c. ) by genocide- deliberate and ruthless extermination of the weaker group. Segregation involves the enactment of laws and/or usage that restrict or prohibit contact between groups. Segregation may be ethnic or racial or based on sex or age. 5. Patterns of modification and Tolerance.Interracial and interethnic accommodation can be carried out through miscegenation or amalgamation- the intermarriage of members of the majority and minority groups. This can result in the shading of their various customs and values and the creation of a new cultural hybrid. This involves a cultural and biological blending in which the customs and values of both groups are to some extent preserved and their biological characteristics appear in the offspring. 6. Patterns of Acculturation and Assimilation Acculturation and assimilation are two very big concepts in sociology and anthropology that describe cross cultural effects on both minorities as well as majorities in societies that are multi ethnic and multi cultural in nature.Assimilation is a broader concept as described by sociologist Jean Piaget and refers to the manner in which people take new information. There are umteen people who think of the two concepts as same and even use them interchangeably. If you belong to a minority community in a country and uphold your own culture but cannot remain isolated and are affected by the majority culture in such a way that you fit to some aspects of the majority culture, the process is referred to as acculturation.Assimilation is a process whereby people of a culture learn to adapt to the ways of the majority culture. There is a loss of ones own culture as a person gives more value to the cultural aspects of the majority community in the process of assimilation. What is the difference between Acculturation and Assimilation ? Meeting of cultures always produces results in terms of changes in both the cultures, and acculturation and assimilation refer to two important and different changes in these cultures. Assimilation refers to the process where some of the majority communitys cultural aspects are absorbed in such a manner that the home cultural aspects get mitigated or lost. Acculturation is a process where the cultural aspects of the majority community are adapted without losing the traditions and customs of the minority community. Minority culture changes in the case of assimilation whereas it remains intact in the case of acculturation. 7. Patterns of cultural Pluralism or Ethnic Diversity heathen pluralism refers to the coorganism of different racial or ethnic groups each of which retains its own cultural identity and social structural networks, while participating equally in the economic and political systems.(Light, 1985) In pluralistic society, each group retains its own language, religio n and customs, and its members tend to interact socially primarily among themselves. Yet all jointly take part in the economic and political systems and live in harmony and peaceful coexistence. A prime example of such an arrangement can be found in Switzerland. There, people of German, French, and Italian heritage preserve their distinct cultural ways while coexisting peacefully and equally. No one group enjoys special privileges or is discriminated against. ETHNIC GROUPS IN THE PHILIPPINES.Ethnic groups in the Philippines are classified according to certain physical, cultural, linguistic, religious and geographic criteria. A. According to distinctive physical traits 1. The Negritoes who are regarded as the aborigines of the Philippines. 2. The Indonesian- Malayan stock which is predominant among the Filipinos. 3. The Chinese who make up the largest national group. 4. The Americans and the Spaniards, and a few other Europeans who came as colonizers. B. According to cultural standp oints 1. heathen minorities or cultural communities 2. Moslems 3. Christian groups C.According to linguistic groupings PANAMIN reports that there are about 87 ethno linguistic groups in the Philippines-e. g. , Tagalog, Ilokano, Waray, Hiligaynon, Kapampangan, Ilonggo, etc. D. According to religion 1. romish Catholics 2. Muslims 3. Aglipayans 4. Protestants 5. Iglesia ni Cristo 6. Buddhists 7. Jehovahs witnesses 8. Other religious sects. E. Muslims of Southern Philippines The Muslims make up the largest single non-Christian group. They have nine ethno-linguistic groups, namely 1. Taosug 2. Maranao 3. Maguindanao 4. Samal 5. Yakan 6. Sanggil 7. Badjao 8. Molbog 9. Jama Mapun.From the Spanish regime to the present, Muslim and Christian intergroup relationships have been characterized by animosity and suspicion. This has been expressed in the Muslims ongoing resentment of Christian settlers and attempts at secession to form an independent Mindanao. Muslim ultra groups the Moro Natio nal Liberation Front (MNLF) and the Bangsai Moro Liberation Front (BMLF) want Mindanao, Sulu, and Palawan to secede from the Philippines. THE CULTURAL COMMUNITIES AND THE CHRISTIAN FILIPINOS The non-Christian Filipinos now known as cultural communities make up 10% of the total national population.They have maintained their culture in their clothes, art, religion, ethnic dialect, customs, traditions and other superficial differences. There are 77 major ethno-linguistic groups in the Philippines. A. Northern Luzon 1. Isneg 11. Ivatan/Itbayat 21. Malaweg 2. Kalinga 12. Ilocano 22. Yogad 3. Ifugao 13. Apayao 23. Pangasinan 4. Bontok 14. Balangao 24. Palanan 5. Kankanai 15. Bago 25. Kapampangan 6. Ibaloi 16. Kalanguya 26. Tagalog 7. Gaddang 17. Iwak 27. Bicol 8. Tinggian 18. Isinay 28. Negrito 9. Ilongot 19. Ibanag 29. Sambal 10. Ibalahan 20. Itawit B. Smaller Groups in Luzon 1. Aetas 2. Dumagats of Quezon Province 3. Mangyans of Mindoro.4. Hanunoo C. Visayas 1. Bataks 7. Aklanon 13. Sol ud 2. Keney 8. Rombloanon 14. Bukidnon 3. Negritoes 9. Bantoanon 15. Boholano 4. Alangans 10. Hiligaynon 16. Cebuano 5. Masbateno 11. Kiniray-a 17. Waray 6. Abakon 12. Hamtikanon D. Mindanao 1. Tagurays 8. Mansakas 15. Kamiguin 2. Tagabilis 9. Maranao 16. Mamanwa 3. Bilaans 10. Sangil/Sangir 17. Butuanon 4. Mandayas 11. Ilanun 18. Kamayo 5. Manobos 12. Maguindanao 19. Bagobo 6. Tasadays 13. Tiboli 20. Kalagan 7. Magtisalugs 14. Subanon 21. Kalibugan E. In Sulu/Tawi-Tawi 1. Yakan 2. Sama 3. Sama Dilaut 4. Tausug 5. Jama Mapun F. In Palawan 1. Tagbanua 2. Agutayanen 3. Kuyonen 4. Molbog.5. Palawan 6. Batak 7. Taut Baten III. GROUP REFLECTION Within sociology, the terms race, ethnicity, minority, and dominant group all have very specific and different meanings. To understand the sociological perspective on race and ethnicity, it is important to understand the meanings of these concepts. An ethnic group is a social category of people who share a common culture, such as a common language , a common religion, or common norms, customs, practices, and history. Ethnic groups have a consciousness of their common cultural bond.An ethnic group does not exist simply because of the common national or cultural origins of the group, however. They develop because of their unique historical and social experiences, which become the basis for the groups ethnic identity. For example, prior to immigration to the United States, Italians did not think of themselves as a distinct group with common interests and experiences. However, the process of immigration and the experiences they faced as a group in the United States, including discrimination, created a new identity for the group. Some examples of ethnic groups include Italian Americans, Polish Americans, Mexican Americans, Arab Americans, and Irish Americans.Ethnic groups are also found in other societies, such as the Pashtuns in Afghanistan or the Shiites in Iraq, whose ethnicity is base on religious differences. Like ethnicity, race is primarily, though not exclusively, a socially constructed category.A race is a group that is treated as distinct in society based on certain characteristics. Because of their biological or cultural characteristics, which are labeled as inferior by powerful groups in society, a race is often singled out for differential and unfair treatment. It is not the biological characteristics that define racial groups, but how groups have been treated historically and socially. Society assigns people to racial categories (White, Black, etc. ) not because of science or fact, but because of opinion and social experience.In other words, how racial groups are defined is a social process it is socially constructed. A minority group is any distinct group in society that shares common group characteristics and is agonistic to occupy low status in society because of prejudice and discrimination. A group may be classified as a minority on the basis of ethnicity, race, sexual preference, age, or class status. It is important to note that a minority group is not necessarily the minority in terms of numbers, but it is a group that holds low status in relation to other groups in society (regardless of the size).The group that assigns a racial or ethnic group to subordinate status in society is called the dominant group. There are several sociological theories about why prejudice, discrimination, and racism exist. Current sociological theories focus mainly on explaining the existence of racism, particular institutional racism. The three major sociological perspectives (functionalist theory, symbolic interaction theory, and conflict theory) each have their own explanations to the existence of racism.Functionalist theorists argue that in order for race and ethnic relations to be functional and contribute to the harmonious conduct and stability of society, racial and ethnic minorities moldiness assimilate into that society. Assimilation is a process in which a minority becomes ab sorbed into the dominant society socially, economically, and culturally. Symbolic interaction theorists look at two issues in relation to race and ethnicity. First, they look at the role of social interaction and how it reduces racial and ethnic hostility.Second, they look at how race and ethnicity are socially constructed. In essence, symbolic interactionists ask the question, What happens when two people of different race or ethnicity come in contact with one another and how can such interracial or interethnic contact reduce hostility and conflict? The basic argument made by conflict theorists is that class-based conflict is an inherent and fundamental part of society. These theorists thus argue that racial and ethnic conflict is tied to class conflict and that in order to reduce racial and ethnic conflict, class conflict must first be reduced.

A Difficult Decision

Decision making is one of the hardest things a human being can do for themselves. The conclusivenesss people make, they do to e genuinely better themselves or worsen themselves. Decision making could be what college someones going to or making a big change in their lives like moving. Others would make a bad decision, whether its ignoring good advice or going as far as doing drugs. Some people would make decisions because of the position there in and is an impulse decision, but sometimes it turns out good.Decision MakingFor four and a half years, I thought my mother was actually starting to change, but, in reality I misled myself into believing something that wasnt true. I was a responsible student, worked and thought everything was going well and where I wanted it to be. The last few months that I lived with my mother and step-father, everything went spiraling into complete and total chaos. The last week, was the worst and best thing that has ever happened for me, and also the most difficult decision of my flavour. The start of everythingIn July of 2013, my life started to spiral out of control, I just graduated high school and was looking for work consistently. My mother insisted that I pay rent, every week until I could find my own place to live at first I didnt mind that, I just needed to find a subscriber line and fast. I luckily found a job a month later, I was doing very well there and then I got second job. I wasnt making that much funds and my mom kept insisting that the rent Im supposed to pay, is more than the last time.I barely make the amount she wanted me to pay a week, so I tried to find other things I could possibly do to make more money I was out of luck. My mom and I started to argue a lot over the littlest things. I was trying to get myself out of that house as currently as possible, the living conditions were very bad no matter what I wouldtry to do, no food, filthy house. I was never home to do whatever of the cleaning because I was al ways at work or on my spare time see the people I really care well-nigh but, it started to get worse.Getting worseAs the months started to drag on bye, my living situation became increasingly worse. I had found out that my mother and her husband were doing drugs. I really didnt appreciate the way they used me and thought I was stupid enough to believe they werent doing anything. They started accusing me of stealing things, and doing things that I never even thought just about doing. One day my mother called the police on me and she had told the police officer that I had attacked her. This was the most hurtful thing imaginable, my own mother, calling the police on me.What happened was, I wanted the money I had lent to her back ($50), I needed the money for some food, she kept resisting giving me my money back I saw the money laying on the counter, so I went and got it and she, repeatedly kicked me in the stomach and bit me. Never once, would I ever put a hand on my mother. Im real ly glad I had people in my life that would take care of me whenever I needed a helping hand.The evictionThe last week that I saw my mother was the day I received an eviction notice from her, right before Christmas. I was very hurt and I had no idea what to do, Ive never been in this situation before I was scared. She said that I didnt do anything around the house to help, so I had to go. I Know why she evicted me and I hope that someday that she will get the help that she needs. A couple of days after I had received the eviction notice, I found a place to live. It was not an easy move, but it was the best choice I permit ever made. On December 7, 2013 I said my final goodbyes to my mother and have not seen or mumbled a single word to her, since that day.Where I wentPeople, who Im not even related to, treated me just like their family. I call her my aunt Tonya she has been sheltering me since that day. She offered me a place to stay, and I took the offer. The difficult decision was that I had to move an hour and a half away, from my family and friends. They all understood, and want me to succeed in life, and show people I will make something of myself and seek the people that told me I couldnt wrong. Now,Im focusing better on school, and plan to succeed.

How Important Was the First World War in the Growth of the Labour Party in the Period from 1918 to 1924

Although the First World War played quite a colossal grapheme in the riseth of the labour party there were many other f make forors that contributed to their rise in popularity. Such as, the split of the coalition, the representation of the peoples act, and ultimately Clause IV. During the war the party was led by Arthur Henderson who was the first Labour MP to get into parliament and he played a great role in the War-time coalition. After a disagreement with Lloyd George in 1917, Henderson resigned from the War Cabinet. This benefited the Labour party because Henderson was able to focus of reorganising the party.This included being more efficient, more organised, the supporting of the party was split efficiently and they drafted the Labour Constitution. This helped their growth because it gave them a lot of time to plan how they was going to work about gaining more support everyplace the other parties and to be able to be and efficient stable party. However, the split of the c oalition led to the unpopularity of other parties because the British public felt that the Liberals and Conservatives were unreliable and not strong enough to run the country.The split of this coalition resulted principal(prenominal)ly because of U-turns, failures and tension between both the parties. One of the examples of a U-turn was the breaking of pledges that the powers of the House of Lords would be strengthened. The closing curtain straw for the coalition was the Chanak Crisis which seemed likely to end up in a war with Turkey, and by this time many stable conservatives including backbench MPs say Lloyd George as a liability and the coalition was failing in its basic purpose preventing the rise of the Labour party.As a result of their unpopularity, they were actually helping the Labour Party because the electorate was face for a stable government that wouldnt go back on their policies and almost cause another war because they didnt want that. The Representation of the Peo ples act of 1918, gave the vote to more working-class people, including women over 40 who owned property, who looked for a workers party to represent them. This was the Labour party helping them gain more voters because before you had to be a member of the overnment register or pay to vote, money which many working class people didnt have. So when this act was brought in by Labour the workers saw they were there to help them and they obviously voted them so they had a better chance of improving their lives. The fact that the representation of the peoples act came about, meant that the electorate was a wider seethe of classes and they were more likely to gain votes from the Working-classes. Clause IV indicated a sense of direction and offered the electorate a doctrine that made them obviously different from other parties.The main difference between Liberals and Labour was the socialist nature of this clause. However, because the party was made up of Trade unionists and the socialist s, the vagueness of the clause worked to unite all the members of the party which disagreed on some things. This helped them grow in the sense that it showed they were committed to what they said they was going to do. it also showed the party was stable, due to no disagreements and everyone in the party was taken into consideration, showing a strength, irrelevant Liberals which were split into two because of different opinions.Overall, although the War gave Labour plenty of time to reorganise itself and stabilise itself, it didnt increase its growth or popularity because everyones focus was on winning the war and that was why the War-time coalition was made. However the mixture of the Labour Constitution, mainly Clause IV, the Representation of the peoples act and the failure of the Post-War coalition were very large factors in the growth of the Labour party, proving their stability and their aims to help a wider range of people, especially working class.

Defeat of the Red Army Essay

By looking at what the areas where the Soviets failed during their in sheepskin coatistan, we can further develop our counterinsurgency tactics and article of faith and shape our forces. mujahadeen Defeats of the sanguine the States An important and remarkable event in history was the Soviet- Afghani War. The Afghans, like their ancestors, battled a hostile, invading force that wanted to endure their homeland. For the first time, Afghanistan would fetch the center of a innovative pan-Arab Jihad (Holy War) (Hill, 2008). The Afghans were laboring a warfare of attrition just as their ancestors did during the Anglo-Afghan Wars.The Afghans would find themselves using modern weapons that had the potential of causing a high make out casualties and emigration of greater proportions. The difference between the Afghans in the Soviet-Afghan War and the Afghans who fought in the Anglo-Afghan war would be the avail and nurture from outside superpowers. By the end of the Soviet-Afghan Wa r, the Soviet Union was at the point of falling the Afghans and those who were assisting them were looking at a victory. How could such a tendinous nation like the Soviet Union be shoot downed by the Afghans?The Soviet Union lost the Soviet-Afghan War as a result of mistakes and miserys that they do. The Soviets failure to seal the palisade between Pakistan and Afghanistan, failure to stand up and effective Afghan army and failure to captivate the hearts and minds of the Afghan people contri besidesed to the defeat of the Red host. Failure to Disrupt Supply Lines During the initial five years of occupation, the Soviets never mounted a sustained feat to cut off the mujahideen depict lines that ran from Pakistans tribal areas, across the Hindu Kush Mountains, and into Afghanistan (Roy, 1991).Instead, the focus of the Soviets from 1980 to 1982 was to conduct large-scale armored operations in localizations that were considered hotbeds of rebel practise. After 1982, the Sov iets used airlike assaults to assist in their combat operations to eliminate the support base of the mujahedin. It was not until 1985 that the Red Army starting making an effort to disrupt the mujahidin supply lines. The Red Army began using Spetsnaz units, which were the Red army Special Forces units, behind mujahadein frontlines, to organized surprise attacks against the rebel supply caravans.Once the Spetsnaz had the location of the mujahadin, they would load into Mi-24 helicopter gunships, sneak behind the mujahadein positions, and launch attacks. The effectiveness of the raids the Spetsnaz used became apparent in 1986 where there was a decrease in the number of Mujahideen attacks against the Soviets. The attacks against the Soviets decreased because the Mujahideen was not able to get custody and equip ment that they needed to mount an effective guerrilla campaign.The Soviets leadership was aware of the amount of men and a large amount of equipment that the Mujahideen was moving from Pakistan across into Afghanistan on regular bases, so its raiseing why they did not make an effort earlier in the war to disrupt the supply lines. The Soviet leadership feared that if they conducted operations that might extend into Pakistan they would draw the United States into a large-scale war that the Soviets did not want. So, conducting operations on the Afghan side of the allowance against the rebels was an activity that the Soviets could justify without drawing the United States into the war.According to Oliver Roy, the Soviet failure to seal the circumvent with Pakistan was the most significant military mistake in the war against the Mujahideen (Roy, 1991). With an unsealed border, the United States with the help of the help of the Inter-Service Intelligence, ISI, began funneling in weapons to the Mujahideen in the 1980. At the start of 1980, the Central Intelligence Agency began to purchase weapons from several countries to include China, Egypt, Saudi Arabi a, and other Arab nations. Once these weapons had been purchased they were shipped to the ISI military headquarters located in Peshawar Pakistan.The United States funded some(prenominal) $30 million dollars in 1982, but in 1984, the CIA spent some $250 million purchasing pistols, AK-47s, ammunition, surface to air missiles, and other supplies for the Mujahideen. By 1985, the CIA was spending $ viosterol million dollars on the resistance in Afghanistan. 1985 was the same year the President Ronald Reagan signed the National Security Decision Directive 166. This directive stated that the CIA was to strike out the Soviets from Afghanistan by all means available (Crile, 2003, p 363).In 1986, the CIA approved the purchase of heat-seeking missiles and almost 1000 per purchased. The heat-seeking missiles were very effective in drink the Soviets helicopters, but the Mujahideen did not put these missions into use until 1987. Pakistan who was driven by Islamic individuality had a vested i nterest in the outcome of the Soviet-Afghan War and made a great effort to ensure that the Mujahideen was victorious. To ensure victory for the Mujahideen, Pakistan established a ne twainrk that would transport all of the weapons that had been purchased to the Mujahideen.Once all of the weapons that had been purchased and arrived to the ISI headquarters the ISI would distribute the weapons to the Mujahideen, who would get the weapons and supplies to the soldier in the field. The Mujahideen would use tractors, trucks, camel, mules, and horses that could blend in with the rest of the cross border traffic or they would move on dirt roads that were sole(prenominal) accessible by foot over the border into Afghanistan. It is perspicuous that without the help of the Pakistanis, the Mujahideen would not make water been able to fight because they could have not been able to supply their soldiers.Throughout the war, the Soviets and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, DRA tested to pr essure Pakistans President Zia to seal the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan with troops, but this came to no avail. President Zia responds to the request to seal the border was that Pakistan would not do it but that the Red Army and the DRA were more than welcome to do it. Regardless of who would attempt to seal the border it would be an im feasible task when you consider the length and mountainous terrain that would have to be covered.In 1985, the Red Army started to disrupt the Mujahideen supply lines by putting thousands of troops on the border with Pakistan. At the same time, The Red Army began a bombing campaign hitting border towns that were sympathetic to the rebels and placing Spetsnaz units along the borders to conduct search and destroy missions from behind Mujahideen front lines. The Red Army began using their gunships to move up and down the border looking for destroying Mujahideen supply caravans. The bombardment used by the Red Army turned a large portion of the border etween Afghanistan and Pakistan to land that no longer could be inhabited. This depopulation effort started to become effective as it made it almost unrealizable for the Mujahideen supply caravans to move freely. In 1986, the Mujahideen countered the Red Army by using the Stringer missiles to bring down the Red Army Helicopters. To avoid being hit by a Stringer missile the Red Army Pilots had to fly at a higher altitude but the higher altitude made it difficult for the Red Army to effectively attack the Mujahideen supply lines.Although the terrain along the Afghan and Pakistan border made it difficult to totally seal the border, it would have been possible to disrupt the flow of men and supplies coming into Afghanistan. This was evident by the Red Army between 1985 and 1986. Had the Red Army been willing to take a higher loss of animateness forward 1985, it would have been possible to slow down the Mujahideens ability to get weapons into Afghanistan. The inability by the Red Army to establish an effective way to disrupt the Mujahideen supply lines was not the only reason that the PDPA could not survive without the support of the Red Army.The Red Army overly failed to relieve oneself an Afghan National Army that could protect the PDPA against the Mujahideen. Part of the reason why the Red Army could not stand up the Afghan Army was because there were Mujahideen sympathizers in the ranks. This is also part of the reason why the Soviets could not win the hearts and minds of the Afghan people. When the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan, they left the country without the means to protect its self. Failure to build an Afghan Army As early as 1980, Soviet leadership knew that it was going to be difficult to build up the Afghan Army.This was partially due to the fact that the PDPA regime was unpopular with some(prenominal) Afghan people, and there was also a deep hatred for the Red Army troops. The unwillingness to fight for the Soviet Union and the DR A was reflected by the decrease in the Afghan Armys ranks. The Afghan Army decreased from 90,000 to 30,000 men from 1980 to 1983 (Schofield, 2003). During the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, it was common for Afghan soldiers to leave their units with their weapons and ammunition and join the Mujahideen.There is an account in July 1987 where an entire 2,000-man unit defected to the Mujahideen in Kandahar (McMichael, 1991). In addition to the defecting that was happening there were reports of Afghan officers frequently sabotaging Soviet equipment and vehicles. For the Afghans who remained many only fought because of the Soviet troops presences on the frontlines who would not allow them to runaway. As a result of the Afghans people unwillingness to fight for the Soviets and the DRA, the PDPA could only build a small military force, the total that numbers 120,000 to 150,000 fighting men.With its small size and the challenges they had recruiting the Afghans to fight for the PDPA regime , the Afghan Army was ineffective. The Afghan government was also only able to draft sixty-five percent of the personnel it needed to fight the insurgency they faced. Although the Afghan Army did have their share of success, these successes were limited. Mostly because the Mujahideen had sympathizers in the ranks that would provide the rebels with intelligence about upcoming operations that were planned.Since Mujahideen supporters had infiltrated the Afghan Army, Red Army soldier do not care to work close on operations or share the intelligence they had because of fear that the details on upcoming operations would be shared with the rebels. To make matter worsened for both sides, commanding officers of Afghan units would only be informed of upcoming operations one day in advance. On 9 January 1981, a draft copy law designed to increase the strength of the DRA Army, was adopted by the Supreme Military Council of Afghanistan. The Afghan Army was given tanks, aircraft, armored personn el carriers, and small coat of arms by the Soviets.Regardless of what had been given to the Afghan Army they were not going to be able to defend the PDPA regime from the rebels by the time the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan. This is based on the fact that it was going to be hard to recruit soldiers to fight for a socialist an also because many of the soldiers that had been recruited were informant for the Mujahideen. The ineffectiveness of the DRA Army was illustrated by both Soviet deserters when they said, The Kabul army was not an army, just a mess, with half of the soldiers running away and the other half joining the rebels (Amstutz, 1986, p. 80). The inability of the Soviets to win over the Afghan population showed to be a tremendous obstacle as the attempt was being made to stand up an effective Afghan military. Had the Soviets allure the Afghan population that the PDPA was worth fighting for the Soviets counterinsurgency plan could have been more effective in getting f ree of the Mujahideen. The Soviets inability to win over the hearts and minds of the Afghan people ended up being a big obstacle that led to the Soviet defeat in Afghanistan.Failure to win the Hearts and Minds The Soviets needed to convince the Afghan population that it had a stake in the survival of the socialist regime if they were to have a chance of preserving the PDPA government (Delgado, 2006, p. 27). This would show to be impossible since the Afghan mullahs had declared jihad against the occupying Red Army. Knowing the jihad had been declared against the Red Army, they still launched a program with the intent on winning the hearts and minds of the Afghan people.The Soviets attempt to Sovietize the Afghan people used measures that included revamping the education system and precept the population a pro-Soviet ideology. Adults and children were taught Marxist terms by Soviet institutions that had been imported into Afghanistan. The Soviets reformed the education system, reinter preting Afghan history, taking control of the media in order to reeducate adults, and move children to the Soviet Union in order to be educated. The Soviets goal in all of this was to create a version of Islam that the new Afghanistan would be based off. structure a strong Communist party was part of the Sovietization program. A strong Communist party would be the center of all legitimate political activity for the country. In order to monitor social organizations in Afghanistan, Soviet style government institution were established. A diligent effort had been made by the PDPA to educate its member, a majority of which joined the party so that they could obtain a job in the state. The task of trying to indoctrinate the member was difficult and many felt that it was irresponsible and corrupt.The DRA was unpopular by means ofout a large portion of Afghanistan. With this unpopular view of the DRA, there was a need to rewrite history in order to paint the Soviet Union in a more favora ble light. This change to history was going to be done in two parts, first was to depict Russia as the essential supporters of Afghan independence, and the second was to minimize the cultural ties the Afghan people had with India, Pakistan, and Iran while emphasizing the ties with the citizens of the Soviet Union.The Soviets strategy in winning the hearts and minds of the Afghan people was not to turn all Afghan into Marxist, but to teach the Afghans that they identified more with the Soviet way of life than with traditional Afghan society and customs (Roy, 1989). The Soviets took total control of the Afghan media and bombarded it with pro-Soviet propaganda. The Soviets desired in all of this was to have the Afghans forget what their history was and replace it with the identity that the Soviets were giving them.The Soviets not only rewrote the history books and took over the media the Soviets took control of the education system with the goal of molding a new generation of Afghans t hat would support the PDPA. To meet this, teachers who refused to do what was asked were arrested or exiled. Fatherland Training Centers were created around Afghanistan, where Afghan orphans were trained to be Soviet special agents, political organizations for children and teenagers in order to teach them to become faithful Soviet citizens.The Soviets made Russian the official language of all students attending middle school up to college. The Russians were committed to indoctrinating Afghan children. Statics reflects that by 1989, 000 Afghan students were being educated in the Soviets, and another 15,000 students annual would travel to the Soviet Union see the Russian way of life and to take part in short courses and training programs (Roy, 1989). The Soviets used psychological operation to undermine not only the Mujahideen but also the civilian population to resist the Soviet occupation and the PDPA regime.Some of the bigger programs used included massive leaflet drops, propagand istic radio programs, starting conflict between rival tribes that would undermine Mujahideen unity and bribing teachers to use their classroom in order to spread Soviet propaganda. KHAD Intelligence would insert special agents into Mujahideen units and prisons where Mujahideen members were held with the goal of getting selective information on operations that were being planned and to find out whom the leaders in the resistance were. Regardless of what the Soviets attempted to do in order to win the hearts and minds of the Afghan people they failed.The Afghans remained true to their Islamic identity, acculturation, and family traditions so it made it impossible for the Soviet Union to convince the Afghans that they were acting in the best interest of the country of Afghanistan by occupying and supporting the PDPA. With a call of jihad being declared against the occupying Red Army, it was going to be impossible for the Soviets to win the hearts and minds. The Afghans viewed the Sov iets as an occupying force that were hostile to Islam so no program introduced by the Soviets to win the hearts and minds would be successful.The Soviets made an admirable effort to win over the Afghan people but due to the fact that they were viewed as a foreign occupier took away any possibility that they could convince the Afghan people to support the PDPA government. Winning the hearts and minds of the Afghan people were impossible from the beginning since the Afghan people had such a strong Islamic heritage and tribal culture and that the Soviets were viewed as a foreign occupier, but the Soviets also did not help themselves with their unappeasable campaign to drive Mujahideen supporters out of Afghanistan as refugees.The effort to rid Afghanistan of Mujahideen supporters left one million Afghan civilians dead and five million displaced (Roy, 1989). The strategy used by the Red Army to rid Afghanistan of Mujahideen supported included artillery strike against Pashtun villages, bombing raids and, the burning of agricultural fields, the killing of livestock through the use mines and artillery, and the contamination of water and food supplies through the use of chemical weapons (McMichael, 1991).The efforts made by the Red Army to deprive the Mujahideen from a portion of its civilian support network was successful, but with the brutal methods that the Soviets used in order to get the objectives done did very little for the chances of winning the hearts and minds of the Afghan people. Conclusion The Soviets lost the Soviet-Afghan War to the Mujahideen do to their own failures and any country could stand to earn a few lessons from the Soviets after their experience in Afghanistan.The first lesson would be the importance of disrupting the Mujahideen supply lines. Although totally securing the border may have been impossible, the Red Army could have focus more of an effort prior to 1985 to slow down the amount of men and supplies that were moving into Afghanista n from Pakistan. Had the Soviets been willing to take more of rest with their Soldiers, the Mujahideen would have never been able to get the supplies they needed into Afghanistan.The second lesson that could be taken from this is that before the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan they needed to ensure that the Afghan Army was ready to defeat the Mujahideen on their own. Since the Afghan Army was not able to defeat the Mujahideen on their own, everything that the Soviets attempted to achieve in Afghanistan was lost once the Red Army withdrew. The weak Army allowed Afghanistan to fall into a civil war where the Taliban came out victorious.The Soviets should have taken into consideration what they vox populi the status Afghan Army would be once they withdrew before invading Afghanistan. The third and final lesson is that it was going to be impossible for the Soviets to win the hearts and minds of the Afghan people. Many Afghans viewed the Soviets as invaders, and a jihad had been decla red against them. Along with the hatred that the Afghans had for the Soviets the Soviets also countered themselves with brutal military operations against Afghans that were thought to be loyal to the Mujahideen. The Afghan population will refuse to support a regime that is viewed as a foreign occupier, regardless of the sophistication of the occupying countrys effort to win the native hearts and minds(Delgado, 2006, p. 35). References Crile, G. (2003). Charlie Wilsons War The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History. New York, NY Delgado, J. A. (2006). Troubling Parallels An synopsis of Americas Inability to overcome the obstacles that led to the defeat of the Red Army in the Soviet-Afghan War.Athens, OH The University of Ohio. Hills, C. R. (2006). Beyond Charlie Wilson The Soviet Afghan War. Atlanta, GA Atlanta world-wide School. McMichael, S. (1991). Stumbling Bear Soviet Military Performance in Afghanistan. London, England Brasseys. Roy, O. (1989). The Sov ietization of Afghanistan. Afghanistan and the Soviet Union. Boulder, Colorado Westview Press. Roy, O. (1991). The Lessons of the Soviet-Afghan War. London, England Brasseys. Schofield, V. (2003). Afghan Frontier. New York, NY Tauris Parke Paperback.

Financial Analysis of Two Company

07. 7. 2012 Bilal Elarslan 2007432031 Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of assembly line Business Administration managerialFinance Financial Analysis of Ulker &P? nar Sut List of Contents Introduction 3 1. Ulker 4 1. 1 bill of Ulker 4 1. 2 About Ulker5 1. 3 Sh beholder grammatical construction 6 1. 4 Subsidaries6 1. 5 Wacc of Ulker7 1. 6 Leverage8 1. 7 operational and financial supplement of Ulker8 1. 8 of import Analysis9 1. 9 Ulkers genus beta Coefficent9 1. 10 Additional financial Information & key ratios10 2. P? nar Sut. 12 2. History Of P? nar Sut. 12 2. 2 General Overview of confederation. 13 2. 3 Shareholder Structure. 15 2. 4 Wacc of P? nar Sut16 2. 5 Leverage. 17 2. 6 P? nar Suts Beta coefficent18 2. 7 Additional informations & key ratios19 Appendix20 References22Introduction In this research composing I prepared the financial ana? ysis of Ulker & P? nar Sut. While preparing this report freshmanly I have to favour two telephoner Which are * Ulker * P? nar sut While preparing this report I re every last(predicate)y mentioned about what we erudite during manegerial finance littleons. As a dissolving agent with this aim, I prepared my term project by compounding both(prenominal) acconting methods and my knowledge about finance. 1. ULKER 2. 1 History of Ulker 1944- Ulker Biskuvi was constituted in the Eminonu district of Istanbul. It started out as a small bakery with just three workers, producing 200 kg of cookys per day.A few years later, the keep company relocated to the Topkap? district of Istanbul. 1948- Producing a list of 75 tons of cookys in 1944, Ulker Biscuits tripled its capacity at its Topkap? factory, built in 1948 specifically in order to increase the production volume. 1955- Ulker Biscuits decided to distri entirelye its products doneout turkey at factory sets and achieved a huge production increase with this innovation. 1970- In line with the growth strategy, Anadolu G? da Sanayii A. S. was founded in Ankara as a mul tiple-shareholder federation and the production capacity of Ulker Biscuits was doubled. 974- The runner biscuit export was make after choosing the Middle East as the target coifet. Opportunities for international competition were diversity magnitude with the constitution of the R&D department in the same year. 1979- Ulker products began to be packed in cellophane-based packaging. 2003- Ulker Biskuvi incorporated under its own title with Anadolu G? da, whose shares have been quoted on Istanbul Stock Exchange since 1996. 2008- Within the electron orbit of Corporate Governance, the Articles of Association were amended and Corporate Governance and Audit Committees were set up.At the beginning of 2008, Ulker Biskuvi took part in the acquisition of the premium chocolatier shuffling, Godiva, with a 25. 23% share. 2. 2 About Ulker As the first company naturalised within Y? ld? z Holding, operating its core business for 64 years, Ulker Biscuits serves as the flagship of the Holding b oth in terms of sales turnover and wageability. According to the Istanbul Chamber of Industry (ICI) in 2009 list of duds Top 500 Industrial Enterprises, Ulker Biscuits was ranked 104th. Ulker Biscuits produces biscuits, crackers, coffee covered biscuits and wafers at its factories in Istanbul/Topkap? and Ankara.As the undeniable leader in the Turkish biscuit exertion, Ulker Biscuits also takes its place among the giant food producers of the world, with its 280 assorted biscuit and cracker products that are supplied to both the local and international marketplaces. In 1996, Ulker Biscuits received the ISO 9002 certification for quality standards in production and in 2001, it was purenessed the HACCP certification for quality standards in food safety. In 2002, it won the top mark of High Level in an analysis made by the Europe-based quality certification tighten BRC, which advertize secured its successful rank in the field of quality control.Ulker Biscuits develops new produ cts in its independent laboratories, employing an experienced and mod R&D staff, always keeping its quality-focused approach. Introducing an average of 60 new products per year to the market, Ulker Biscuits has continued to transcend in innovation, thus making Ulker one of the top food brands. Ulker Biscuits products are exported mainly to the Middle East, Russia and primaeval Asian Republics, as well as to Europe, Africa and the United States. Ulker Biscuits not only contributes to turkeys preservation by its exports, but it also successfully represents Turkeys approach to quality on a global scale.Ulker Biscuits has an offspringive quality control system that injects synergy into the entire process from production through consumption and it continues its investments based on its strategy that is focused on sustainable and profitable growth. Ulker Biscuits is a consumer-focused company that satisfies its consumers needs and expectations at the maximum level, and it has forme d a harmonious and lasting relationship with its target group. Surveys conducted in recent years attest to the amply levels of loyalty to the Ulker brand.In the Brands 2008 survey by AC Nielsen, Ulker was ranked first in the biscuit category, and chip and third in the categories of top-of-the-mind brands and those that consumers feel closest to, respectively. Local diffusion of biscuits and chocolate covered products produced by Ulker Biscuits and its subsidiaries is under taken by its subsidiary, Atlas G? da Pazarlama, and other marketing companies of Y? ld? z Holding, Esas Pazarlama, Merkez G? da Pazarlama and Rekor Pazarlama. 2. 3 Shareholder Structure Shareholders of Ulker company dated 31/12/2010 is as follows.Shareholders Share(TRY) (%) Y? ld? z Holding A. S. 106. 999. 435 39,84 Others 161. 600. 565 60,16 Capital 268. 600. 000 100 1. 4 Subsideries Ulker Biscuits, the flagship of Y? ld? z Holding, associated with a turn of companies within the Holding, It has developed a str ong portfolio synergistic structure with both vertical and horizontal integration. beneath this mutually beneficial structure, Ulker Biscuits and other companies within Y? ld? Holding, each occupy a leading position in their sectors. In addition to various biscuit facilities in cities in Anatolia, Ulker Biscuits has developed a moral force production process that reaches into all branches of the food industry, including luxuriously quality flour, butter and packaging facilities. 1. 5 weighted Average Cost of Capital Corporations create value for shareholders by earning a return on the invested not bad(p) that is above the cost of capital. WACC is an expression of this cost and is used to see if certain intended investments or strategies or projects or purchases are worth spell to undertake.WACC is expressed as a percentage, like by-line. WACC of Ulker Company is %12,1. This doer that investments should be made that give return higher(prenominal) than the WACC of %12,1. WACC= ( Wi x ri) + ( Wp x rp) + ( Ws x rn) value rate 20% 1. 6 Leverage Leverage refers to the effects that indomitable costs have on the returns that shareholders earn. By fixed costs we mean costs that do not rise and fall with changes in a theatres sales. Firms have to pay these fixed costs whether business conditions are good or bad.A whole with more supplement may earn higher returns on average than a firm with less leverage, but the returns on the more leveraged firm will also be more volatile. Managers faecal matter order leverage in their decisions about how the company raises money to operate. The amount of leverage in the firms capital structure the mix of long-term debt and equity maintained by the firm can importantly affect its value by affecting return and encounter. The more debt a firm issues, the higher are its debt repayment costs, and those costs must be paid regardless of how the firms products are selling.Because leverage can have such a wide impact on a firm, the financial passenger car must understand how to nib and evaluate leverage, particularly when making capital structure decisions. in operation(p) leverage is concerned with the relationship in the midst of the firms sales revenue and its earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT) or operating profits. When costs of operations (such as cost of goods sold and operating expenses) are more often than not fixed, small changes in revenue will lead to much larger changes in EBIT. Financial leverage is concerned with the relationship between the firms EBIT and its common argumentation earnings per share (EPS).On the income statement, you can see that the deductions taken from EBIT to get to EPS include interest, taxes, and preferred dividends. Taxes are clearly variable, rising and falling with the firms profits, but interest expense and preferred dividends are usually fixed. When these fixed items are large (that is, when the firm has a lot of financial leverage), small changes in EBIT produce larger changes in EPS. occur leverage is the combined effect of operating and financial leverage. It is concerned with the relationship between the firms sales revenue and EPS. 1. Operating and Financial Leverage of Ulker in 2011 Sales Revenue 10. 445. 022. 950 Less COGS (9. 243. 511. 780) Operating Leverage Gross Profit1. 201. 511. 170 Less Operating Expenses(46. 450. 461) EBIT1. 155. 060. 709 Total Less Interest18. 799. 809 Leverage Net profit before tax1. 136. 260. 900 Financial Leverage Less Taxes 137. 983. 993 Net profit after taxes 998. 276. 907 Less Preferred job dividends (518. 995. 890) clams in stock(predicate) for common (EAC) 479. 281. 017 1. 8 Beta Analysis Systematic risk beta coefficient is a measure of a security. In other words, it is the relationship the performance of securities market with the average performance. It is coefficient of the change in result to a unit change in securities market. The market beta coefficient is accepted to be 1 for each time. In theory, all forms of securities in the market can be said that the beta coefficient equal to 1 in the totals. We can make 3 different beta coefficient is interpretation. 1- Beta coefficient of 1, Beta coefficient is higher than 1, 3- Beta coefficient is lower than 1. 1. 9 Ulkers Beta Coefficient Ulker beta coefficient is higher than 1 that is 1,02. So it represents the market price of securities will rise or fall more than the market. Beta coefficient that is higher than 1 is more dangerous than less than 1. Hence the beta coefficient of securities is less than 1 also reduces the risk of the portfolio. Therefore, in emerging markets (bull market), speckle beta coefficient higher than 1 which is providing higher returns than stock market, in falling market (bear market) makes a higher damage.For this reason, the falling stock markets prefers beta coefficient less than 1. ? 1 the share movement is faster than the index (high risk and high excitability). And volatilit y is average price of a security or market fluctuation feature that is shown in a short time interval. Volatility of a high-speed change in the price of securities and properties of positive volatility are seen. The higher the beta coefficient causes increasing in volatility of securities. Ford coefficient is high and its volatility is increasing of securities. ParameterParameter Coefficient Standard Error T- value A 0. 42 0. 54 0. 77 Beta 1. 02 1. 027 0. 99 F=92. 616472228 r2=0. 614915957 STD error=0. 155688307 1. 10 Additional Information on financial Instruments a) Capital risk concern The Group controls its capital with the liability / total capital ratio. Net liability is divided by total capital in this ratio. Cash and silver equivalents are substracted from total loans to calculate the net liability. The shareholders equity is added to net liabilties to calculate the total capital. ) Liquidity risk management The Group manages liquidity risk by maintaining adequate re serves, banking facilities and reserve borrowing facilities by continuously monitoring forecast and actual cash flows and matching the maturity profiles of financial assets and liabilities. The funding risk of the current and prospective debt demands is managed by maintaining the availability of lenders with high quality and in sufficient number The following table presents the maturity of Groups non-derivative financial liabilities. The table includes both interest and principal cash flows. . PINAR SUT 3. 4 History of P? nar Sut 1975 P? nar Sut is established in Izmir as the Middle Easts biggest dairy farm processing complex and Turkeys first UHT (ultra-high temperature processed) take out and packaged dairy products manufacturing plant. 1976 The company begins producing Turkeys first processed cheese and chocolate milk. 1978 P? nar sliced kashkaval cheese and P? nar spreadable cheese are introduced to consumers. 1980 A Kraft-P? nar joint venture is launched. P? nar Sut intro duces its Deram, Raglet, Maribo, and cheddar cheese cheese varieties. 982 The company begins exporting milk, cheese, butter, yoghurt, and strawberry milk to Central Europe, Cyprus, and the Middle East. 1983 P? nar Yem is set up to provide high quality feeds to the P? nar Suts raw milk suppliers. P? nar Mayonnaise, Turkeys first domestically-manufactured mayonnaise goes on sale. P? nar Beyaz, Turkeys first spreadable cheese, and P? nar Whipped Topping, a pulverize whipped topping both go into production. 1984 P? nar Sut begins exporting its labaneh, milk, yoghurt drink, butter, yoghurt, cheese, whipped topping, and mayonnaise products to Kuwait, Cyprus, and Germany. 985 Labaneh is launched in the Turkish market under the name P? nar Labaneh. 1992 P? nar Sut is awarded the Turkish Standards Institutes (TSE) Golden Packaging award for the introduction of the first foil-sealed yoghurt container. Form Milk, Turkeys first low-fat milk, and Cikolasut, chocolate milk made with real, n atural chocolate, go on sale. 1993 P? nar Sut becomes the first company in its sector to be awarded TS ISO 9002 caliber Management System certification. 1994 P? nar Sut receives another TSEGolden Packaging award for its 10-liter bag-in-box pack design.Having successfully exhibit its compliance with European standards in terms of production, sales, and after-sales services, P? nar Sut becomes the first dairy products company to receive TS ISO 9001 feature Management System certification. 1995 P? nar long-life increase yoghurts and prepared desserts go into production. Turkish consumers are introduced to P? nar light (low-fat) and extra light yoghurts and to low-fat, triangular cheese. 1997 P? nar Sut opens its Eskisehir plant. 1999 P? nar Sut introduces its Denge line of lactose-free, high-calcium, and vitaminenhanced milks. 000 As a result of investments at the Eskisehir plant, P? nar Sut launches the worlds first continuous-process production of cream-top yoghurt. 2001 U HT milk supplied in plastic bottles goes into production. 2003 below an agreement with Sodima, P? nar Sut launches production of fruit yoghurts in Turkey. 2004 P? nar introduces its Kafela, Karamela, and Cikolasut line of products in packaging especially knowing to appeal to young people. P? nar Sut is awarded TS 13001 HACCP Food Safety System certification. 2005 Turkeys first organic milk and first prebiotic and probiotic dairy products are introduced to the market. 007 P? nars YOPI line of calcium-, protein-,and vitamin-enhanced dairy products for children goes into production. 2008 P? nar Sut becomes the first company in Turkeys dairy industry to undertake a bung 6 Sigma operational excellence and productivity project. P? nar Milk for Kids, a milk specially designed for child nutrition, is introduced to the market. 2009 P? nar lemonade and tropical fruit drink are introduced to the market. 2010 P? nar Kido with Biscuit, Honey Flavored P? nar Kids Milk, and P? nar Breakf ast Cream Cheese products go on sale. 3. 5 General Overview of P? ar Sut The initiate of many firsts in its sector since the day it was founded, P? nar Sut makes use of the roughly modern technology available to produce and supply consumers with the milk and dairy products that are essential to good nutrition. The first to introduce the judgment of healthy milk and dairy products in Turkey When it was originally founded in Izmir in 1975, P? nar Sut was the most advanced dairy processing complex in Europe and the Middle East. P? nar Sut was the first brand to introduce and entrench the concept of wellness, standardized milk and dairy products in Turkey. The P? ar brand, earning a deserved reputation as Source of Dynamism, Health, Pleasure and Life, became the preferred choice of Turkish consumers plot of ground also making huge contributions both to the growth and development of the Turkish Animal husbandry stock raising and food industries and also to the well-being of new gener ations of children. P? nar Suts principal business activeness is the production and sale of dairy products (milk, yoghurt, yoghurt drink, traditional and modern cheeses, butter, cream) as well as of fruit juices, mayonnaise, ketchups, puddings, honey, sauces, jams and jellies, desserts, and powdered products.A leading role in increased dairy production in Turkey P? nar Sut introduced the first long-life UHT milk packaged in aseptic containers in Turkey in 1975. Operating from plants located in Izmir and Eskisehir, the company has remained the leading brand in Turkeys dairy products industry ever since. Making use of the most modern technology available, P? nar Sut produces and supplies consumers with the milk and dairy products while also playing a leading role in increased dairy production through its year-round support for more than 35,000 suppliers of raw milk.P? nar Sut procures its superior-quality raw milk under agreements with more than 200 of Turkeys biggest dairy farms, wh ich are contractually obligated to produce to EU norms. By serving as these farms biggest customer, P? nar Sut fosters its own total quality concepts among them as well. From the moment that it is harvested, raw milk is registered by means of a computerized system that keeps regular track of herd and animal health data throughout all production stages. To ensure its freshness and quality, P? ar Sut picks up its suppliers raw milk twice a day (morning and evening) from more than 300 milk collection and chilling centers and it takes it immediately to its processing plant. Individual dairy producers are subject to strict monitoring and controls by local laboratories while all milk must be controlled by the advanced technology equipped laboratories at the companysIzmir and Eskisehir plants before being accepted. A regional force P? nar Sut is moving rapidly towards becoming a regional force in its hinterland by exporting milk and dairy products to many countries around the world.P? nar Suts raw milk collection and chilling centers are inspected every year for the conformity with the EU standards by an EU commission. The company provides its suppliers with continuous support on the matter of developing and maintaining farms that are free of all diseases, which is a found requisite for exporting milk and dairy products to EU countries. Through projects conducted jointly with government agricultural agencies in Turkey, an ongoing effort is made to ensure that raw milk production satisfies EU norms.According to the third-quarter 2009 sectoral results of the Turkish guest Satisfaction Index survey, P? nar Sut ranked first in its sector with the highest (82%) level of customer atonement in the milk and dairy products category. This survey, which is conducted regularly by KalDer (Turkish Quality Association) and which also analyzes competition in Turkey, is the second most comprehensive poll of its kind after those conducted in the United States. 3. 6 Shareholder Stru cture The issued capital of the Company is 44. 951. 051,25 Turkish Lira. Each share of this capital is amounting to 1 Cent, 1. 28. 000 A group registered shares, 1. 260. 000 B group registered shares and 4. 494. 806,325 C group bearer shares 4. 495. 105. 125 shares. The Company does not have any privileges regarding distribution of profit. The Company has privileges regarding voting power in the establishment of board members. The business and administration of the Company is managed by the Board of Directors consisting of 5 or 9 members to be elective within the frame of the provisions of the Turkish Trade Code by the General Assembly among the partners or from outside of the Company.In case the Board of Directors consists of 5 people, 3 members shall be elected from the candidates, which A-Group shareholders shall nominate and 1 candidate which the B-group shareholders shall nominate and 1 candidate, which C-Group shareholders shall nominate. If the Board of Directors consists of 7 people, 4 members shall be elected from the candidates, which A-Group shareholders shall nominate and 2 candidate which the B-group shareholders shall nominate and 1 candidate, which C-Group shareholders shall nominate.If the Board of Directors consists of 9 people, 5 members shall be elected from the candidates, which A-Group shareholders shall nominate and 3 candidate which the B-group shareholders shall nominate and 1 candidate, which C-Group shareholders shall nominate. If resolved by the Board of Directors, an Executive Director can be assigned. The President of the Board of Directors and the Executive Director is elected among the members representing A-Group shares. THE CAPITAL AND SHAREHOLDER STATUS OF PINAR SUT MAMULLERI SANAYI A. S. SHAREHOLDERS SHARE RATE (%) STOCKS AMOUNT (TL) YASAR HOLDING A. S. 61,18 27. 503. 257. 789. 000 3rd PARTY 38,82 17. 447. 793. 461. 000 aggregate 100,00 44. 951. 051. 250. 000 3. 7 Weighted Avarege Cost of Capital Corporations create valu e for shareholders by earning a return on the invested capital that is above the cost of capital. WACC is an expression of this cost and is used to see if certain intended investments or strategies or projects or purchases are worthwhile to undertake. WACC is expressed as a percentage, like interest. WACC of P? nar Sut Company is %12,1. This means that investments should be made that give return higher than the WACC of %11. 6.WACC= (Wi x ri) + ( Wp x rp) + ( Ws x rn) Tax rate 20% 3. 8 Leverage of P? nar sut Financial leverage is concerned with the relationship between the firms EBIT and its common stock earnings per share (EPS). On the income statement, you can see that the deductions taken from EBIT to get to EPS include interest, taxes, and preferred dividends. Taxes are clearly variable, rising and falling with the firms profits, but interest expense and preferred dividends are usually fixed. When these fixed items are large (that is, when the firm has a lot of financial leverage ), small changes in EBIT produce larger changes in EPS.Total leverage is the combined effect of operating and financial leverage. It is concerned with the relationship between the firms sales revenue and EPS. 3. 9 Beta Analysis of P? nar Sut 3. 10 Additional Information on financial Instruments a) Financial highlights (TL million) 2011 2010 % change Total assets 532. 6 479. 0 11. 2 Shareholders equity 384. 8 350. 2 9. 9 Financial liabilities 15. 0 20. 0 -25. 0 Sales revenues 577. 1 480. 7 20. 1 Profit before taxation on income 71. 4 71. 2 0. 3 Net period profit 60. 1 57. 8 4. 0Earnings per share (TL) 1. 3365 1. 2863 3. 9 b) Financial ratios 2011 2010 Total liabilities/Total assets (%) 27. 75 26. 88 Total liabilities/Shareholders equity (%) 38. 41 36. 77 Return on sales (%) 10. 41 12. 03 Current assets/Current liabilities 1. 92 2. 17 uprightness turnover ratio 1. 50 1. 37 Net financing costs/Net sales (%) 0. 67 0. 94 Net financing costs/Shareholders equity (%) 1. 00 1. 29 c) Revenu e & Net Income The tables gives us a brief information related to revenue and net income of P? nar Sut. Appendix i) ii) ReferencesFood Industry Report 2011 GITMAN Lawrence, ZUTTER Chad, Principles of Managerial Finance http//seekingalpha. com/article/427611-ulker-remains-one-of-our-best-ideas http//uk. reuters. com/business/quotes/financialHighlights? symbol=. IS http//www. valuebasedmanagement. net/methods_wacc. html http//www. ulker. com. tr/en/financial-statements. htm http//www. 4-traders. com/PINAR-SUT-MAMULLERI-SANAY-6495545/financials/ http//markets. ft. com/Research/Markets/Tearsheets/Financials? s=PNSUTIST http//www. pinar. com. tr/ Ulker 2011 yearly Report P? nar Sut 2011 Annual Report