Meaning of Life by John Cottingham Essay

Every person has questioned the meaning of life; It is an idea that can be traced through out the history of mankind. John Cottingham, author of â€Å"The Meaning of Life† is just one of the many who have tried to explain and simplify this complicated question. â€Å"The Meaning of Life† is a short but informative book that attempts to breakdown the meaning of life with as little religious intervention as possible, while at the same time, be able to â€Å"reveal how [religion] connects with values and commitments that we all share, and to find a way of accommodating it without the sacrifice of scientific or philosophical integrity. † (ix). In â€Å"The Meaning of Life† Cottingham offers insight on individualistic ethical ideals and alternatives to individualism, which can often be contrasted with the beliefs of Jean-Paul Sartre, who is one of the best known philosophers of the twentieth century. Cottingham uses chapter one to argue that individualistic ethical ideals are â€Å"compartmentalized† and â€Å"self-defeating. † He believes that having activities and achievements in ones life, like sports, are not enough to make ones life meaningful. Humans are complicated beings that require much more than a few simple success stories to be truly content with life. As Cottingham states, people have â€Å"biological imperatives (for food, warmth, shelter, procreation), social imperatives (the need to cooperate, the drive to communicate), emotional imperatives (the need for such things as mutual recognition and affection), and lastly and just as importantly what might be called ‘rational imperatives’. † (26) With out these four essentials, humans simply cannot be happy and live meaningful lives, though it may seem they do on the surface. One example Cottingham uses to display this belief is Gauguin the painter. Though Gauguin was a very successful painter, which some may argue was meaningful, his choices and actions are those of one who could be considered to be living a meaningless life. Yes, Gauguin was a successful painter, but he also left his wife and children to pursue this â€Å"self indulgent† career. By pursuing the one thing that made Gauguin’s life meaningful to him, he himself ruined any chance he had at truly living a meaningful life. This is because he had to sacrifice his biological, social, and emotional imperatives when he left his family and friends. While many philosophers strongly believe in individualism, Cottingham offers an alternative in his book. Theism is the belief in some type of deity. As Cottingham states â€Å"A worthwhile life will be one that posses genuine value – value linked to our human nature and the pursuit of what is objectively conducive to the flowering of that nature. † (32) Theists ultimately have something to work towards throughout their lives. With out this metaphorical ‘light at the end of the tunnel’ people could quickly lose the desire to live meaningful lives. Those without the belief that there is a purpose humans came to exist can be haunted by the thought that â€Å" if ‘space’ is all the home we have, then our journey, a journey out of nothing and towards nothing, risks appearing futile, as void of significance as the ultimate void that spawned us and will eventually swallow us up. † (34) With nothing to strive towards it is easy to live a compartmentalized, closed, and selfish life, abandoning the four imperatives mentioned previously and thus living a life with no meaning. By being open and integrated, Theists can share their experiences on their quest towards living a meaningful life. One person that would strongly disagree with Cottingham’s belief in theism is Jean-Paul Sartre. One major reason Sartre is so opposed to theism is because of his concept of freedom. To Sartre, freedom is not possible when a person has a designed end or purpose. People must be able to decide their own purpose on this earth, and if they believe they were put here with a predetermined purpose by a â€Å"higher being† they will be unable to decide what their purpose is on their own. In the case of Gauguin, Sartre would disagree with Cottingham in that he would see nothing wrong with Gauguin leaving his family to pursue his artistic talents. If Gauguin had not left to do what he wished with his life, Sartre would have argued his belief of â€Å"bad faith† which occurs when any person denies their human freedom because they want to avoid the dread of realizing that their existence means nothing if one does not create meaning for themselves. Gauguin must leave his family to discover the meaning of his life in Sartre’s view, while Cottingham believes that by leaving his family he loses three of his imperatives and will be unhappy and live a meaningless life. While both Sartre and Cottingham make interesting and valid points on leading a meaningful life, I agree with neither. Sartre would have encouraged Gauguin to leave his family and search for his own meaning, which I believe would have been very selfish and would have lead to a miserable, meaningless life full of guilt and loneliness. Even if Gauguin loved painting, spending a lifetime alone is undesirable for even the most introverted people. Though I disagree with Sartre’s reply, I also disagree with Cottingham’s belief that Gauguin should have stayed with his family in order to live a life with all of the four essentials mentioned previously. If Gauguin stayed with his family and stopped painting, he would live a life full of questions and regret that he didn’t take the opportunity to pursue his dream when he had the chance. Rather than having to pick one or the other (family or art) I believe Gauguin could have had the best of both worlds. He could have saved enough money to move his family to Tahiti with him, or could have looked for the beauty in his own home and family to inspire him. The meaning of life is a frightening idea that all people have questioned at some point in their lives. While Cottingham’s book is very interesting, it is certainly not for everyone. Cottingham does a superb job in helping the reader to decide on their own what a meaningful life is made of by offering multiple philosophies and beliefs in one short, easy to read book.

Warfare In The Information Age Commerce Essay

The paper is focused on alterations occurred in military organisations in Information Age. During Industrial Age the military construction of forces evolved harmonizing with rules of decomposition, specialisation, hierarchy, optimisation, deconfliction, centralized planning, and decentralised executing. But now the solutions based upon Industrial Age premises and patterns will interrupt down and neglect in the Information Age. This will go on no affair how good intentioned, hardworking, or dedicated the leading and the force are. Two cardinal force capablenesss needed by Information Age armed forcess are interoperability and legerity. Both interoperability and legerity are provided by Network centric warfare theory of war. â€Å" Ages † are proclaimed when something happens to do a discontinuity in multiple dimensions that affect civilisation. Economicss and power are historically closely related. What distinguish the Information Age from the Industrial Age are the economic sciences of information and the nature of the power of information. With the coming of the Information Age, there is an chance to supply widespread entree to information-related services and capablenesss merely dreamed about in old epochs. This increased entree to information provides an chance to rethink the ways that we organize, manage, and control. For the really first clip in history the information power burst the efficiency at such degree which is really hard and expensive to be overcome by mass. The original principle, cognition is power, conveyed the impression that an person ‘s worth was related to their ownership of information. The more exclusivity associated with the ownership, the more valuable the information. Hence, information was a trade good like any other trade good, whose value was related to scarceness. Individual and organisational behaviours reflected this value paradigm. Hoarding information and working its scarceness have been the norm for some clip. These behaviours can no longer be tolerated because the economic sciences of information have changed. With the cost of information and its airing dropping dramatically, information has become a dominant factor in the value concatenation for about every merchandise or service. As the costs bead, so make the barriers to entry. Hence, rivals in many spheres are prehending on the chance provided by â€Å" inexpensive † information and communications to redefine concern procedures and merchandises. These tendencies apply to the kingdom of national security every bit good. Information Age constructs and engineerings are being adopted by many states. The military response to the Information Age is Network Centric Warfare.Industrial Age bequestThe term network-centric warfare loosely describes the combination of schemes, emerging tactics, techniques, and processs, and organisations that a to the full or even a partly networked force can use to make a decisive war contending advantage. The key to understand the term web centric warfare is command and control ( C2 ) attack. Command and Control ( C2 ) is the common military term for direction of forces and resources. The rules underlying traditional bid and command apply non merely to Industrial Age warfare, but besides to Industrial Age economic systems and concerns, are decomposition, specialisation, hierarchy, optimisation, deconfliction, centralized planning, and decentralised executing. The rule of decomposition is using a â€Å" divide and conquer † outlook to all jobs. The patterns of dividing combat into land, sea, and air ( and infinite ) , are an illustration of break uping warfare into manageable pieces. If a sound set of decompositions is made, so these organisational subsets of the organisation can develop professional fortes that help the overall organisation to execute its mission and accomplish its aims. In military personal businesss, specialisation ( creative activity of calling subdivisions and really specialised organisations ) enabled much more efficient calling development and preparation. During military operations, the specialised capablenesss frequently generated capacities that merely could non be created by groups of Renaissance mans. The organisational effect of Industrial Age specialisation is hierarchy. The attempts of persons and extremely specialised entities must be focused and controlled so that they act in concert to accomplish the ends of the larger organisations that they support. The size and the figure of degrees that separate the leader ( s ) of an endeavor and the specializers that are needed to carry through the undertakings at manus are a map of the overall size of the endeavor and the effectual span of control. The figure of beds is a map of the span of control. As the span of control lessenings, the figure of beds that are needed ( for an organisation of the same size ) increases. In such hierarchies, information demands to flux up and down the concatenation of bid. This is true of policy information, plans, orders, and information about the battlespace ( both studies about the enemy and studies about friendly forces ) . The more beds, the longer this takes and the higher the chance of an mistake or deformation. Even today, correspondence to a member of a military bid is officially addressed to the dominating officer of the unit and is so distributed by the central offices. In other words, all information intended for subsidiaries is recognized as belonging to and fluxing through the hierarchy. Indeed, control of information was a major tool for commanding Industrial Age organisations. Industrial Age armed forcess decomposed the battlespace, created superimposed organisations, divided into specialisations, and organized forces into hierarchies. Thinking that this attack transformed the complexness of war and big operations into a aggregation of simple, manageable undertakings and jobs, the Industrial Age military felt that they were able to concentrate on the optimisation of procedures. Virtually all Industrial Age armed forcess created â€Å" approved scenarios † against which their threat-based determinations were optimized. Of class, they experienced troubles when forced to contend against military organisations other than those they had planned against. Given that the elements of military forces were optimized for specific missions under good known and understood fortunes, Industrial Age bid and control processes relied to a great extent on control steps that would deconflict the elements of the force. The ultimate end was to supply each component of the force with the best possible operating environment. This was a natural effect of specialisation and optimisation. Deconfliction is far better than conflicted operations ( where friendly units impede one another ) , but it falls good short of the public presentation possible when military assets are employed synergistically. Planing became a important portion of Industrial Age bid and control because it enabled commanding officers to set up forces and events in clip and infinite so as to maximise the likeliness of success ( mission achievement ) . Industrial Age commanding officers were, nevertheless, aware of the breakability of programs in the face of the harsh and dynamic operating environment of combat. One of the most celebrated citations about planning is, â€Å" No program survives first contact with the enemy. † Understanding the bounds of military programs, commanding officers ( peculiarly in extremely professional forces ) encouraged inaugural ( invention and aggressive actions ) and decentralized executing within the overall commanding officer ‘s purpose. This was non merely a grant to the built-in trouble of anticipating all contingencies. It was besides a contemplation of the fact that the commanding officer on the scene frequently had better information than those removed from the battlespace. Taken together, they create a form correspondent to command theory. The Industrial Age rules and patterns of decomposition, specialisation, hierarchy, optimisation, and deconfliction, combined with Industrial Age bid and control based on centralised planning and decentralised executing, will non allow an organisation to convey all of its information ( and expertness ) or its assets to bear. In add-on, Industrial Age organisations are non optimized for interoperability or legerity. Therefore, solutions based upon Industrial Age premises and patterns will interrupt down and neglect in the Information Age. This will go on no affair how good intentioned, hardworking, or dedicated the leading and the force are. Two cardinal force capablenesss needed by Information Age armed forcess are interoperability and legerity. Organizations that are merchandises of Industrial Age believing are non good suited for important betterments in interoperability or legerity [ 1 ] .3. Network centric warfareNetwork centric warfare ( NCW ) is an emerging theory of war in the Information Age. The term network-centric warfare loosely describes the combination of schemes, emerging tactics, techniques, and processs, and organisations that a to the full or even a partly networked force can use to make a decisive war contending advantage. A networked force carry oning web centric operations ( NCO ) is an indispensable enabler for the behavior of effects based operations. Effectss based operations ( EBO ) are â€Å" sets of actions directed at determining the behaviour of friends, neutrals, and enemies in peace, crisis, and war. † NCW generates increased combat power by networking detectors, determination shapers, and taws to accomplish shared awareness, increased velocity of bid, high pacing of operations, greater deadliness, increased survivability, and a grade of self-synchronization. In kernel, it translates information advantage into combat power by efficaciously associating friendly forces within the battlespace, supplying a much improved shared consciousness of the state of affairs, enabling more rapid and effectual determination devising at all degrees of military operations, and thereby leting for increased velocity of executing. Information engineering progresss in the countries of bid and control ( C2 ) ; intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance ( ISR ) ; and preciseness arms bringing are dramatically reshaping the behavior of warfare in the twenty-first century. NCW will speed up the determination rhythm by associating detectors, communications webs, and arms systems via an interrelated grid, thereby heightening our ability to accomplish information and determination high quality over an adversary during the behavior of military operations. While NCW is the theory, web centric operations ( NCO ) is the theory put into action. In other words, the behavior of NCO represents the execution of NCW. The aim of determination high quality is to turn an information advantage into a competitory advantage. This competitory advantage is readily evident when comparing forces carry oning NCO and those runing under the old paradigm of platform centric operations. Platform centric forces lack the ability to leverage the synergisms created through a networked force. A force implementing NCW is more adaptative, ready to react to uncertainness in the really dynamic environment of the hereafter at all degrees of warfare and across the scope of military operations. Over 1000s of old ages of recorded history, the huge bulk of inventions that created important war contending advantages were concentrated in the physical sphere as opposed to the information sphere. These inventions translated chiefly into advantages at the tactical degree of warfare, but they besides had an impact on what are now by and large referred to as the operational and strategic degrees of warfare. They resulted in such battleground advantages as: increased scope of battle, increased deadliness, increased velocity of manoeuvre and increased protection and survivability. While all of these illustrations of invention are considered platform centric, the past century has besides seen many inventions focused on making advantage in the information sphere. The ability to develop and work an information advantage has ever been of import in warfare, therefore the eternity of security and surprise as of import rules of war. While the importance of invention in the information sphere in the yesteryear has been great, its importance has gained critical significance in warfare today [ 2 ] . Fig. 1 The Military as a Network-Centric Enterprise In a more proficient sense, a networked force improves operational pacing by speed uping the Observation-Orientation stages of Boyd ‘s Observation-Orientation-Decision-Action ( OODA ) cringle. Identified during the 1970s by US Air Force strategian John Boyd, the OODA is an abstraction which describes the sequence of events while must take topographic point in any military battle. The opposition must be observed to garner information so the aggressor must point himself to the state of affairs or context, so make up one's mind and move consequently. The OODA cringle is therefore cardinal to all military operations, from strategic down to single combat. It loop is an inevitable portion of world and has been so since the first tribal wars of 25,000 old ages ago, as it is cardinal to any predator-prey interaction in the biological universe. Sadly, its proper apprehension had to wait until the seventiess. At a philosophical and practical degree what confers a cardinal advantage in battles is the ability to remain in front of an opposition and order the pacing of the engagement – to keep the enterprise and maintain an opposition off balance. In consequence, the aggressor forces his opposition into a reactive position and denies the opposition any chance to drive the battle to an advantage. The participant with the faster OODA cringle, all else being equal, will get the better of the opposition with the slower OODA cringle by barricading or pre-empting any move the opposition with the slower OODA cringle efforts to do. The four constituents of the OODA cringle can be split into three which are associated with processing information, and one which is associated with motion and application of firepower. Observation-Orientation-Decision is information centric while Action is kinematic or centered in motion, place and firepower. If we aim to speed up our OODA loops to accomplish higher operational pacing than an enemy, we have to speed up all four constituents of the cringle. Much of 20th century war contending technique and engineering dealt with speed uping the kinetic part of the OODA cringle. Mobility, preciseness and firepower additions were the consequence of this development. There are practical bounds as to how far we can force the kinetic facet of the OODA loop – more destructive arms produce indirect harm, faster platforms and arms incur of all time increasing costs. Consequently we have seen development decelerate down in this sphere since the sixtiess. Many arms and platforms widely used today were designed in the 1950s may stay in usage for decennaries to come. Observation-Orientation-Decision are all about garnering information, administering information, analysing information, understanding information and make up one's minding how to move upon this information. The faster we can garner, administer, analyse, understand information, the faster we can make up one's mind, and arguably the better we can make up one's mind how and when to move in combat. Networking is a mechanism via which the Observation-Orientation stages of the cringle can be accelerated, and the Decision stage facilitated [ 3 ] .DecisionThe warfare in Information Age will be different than warfare in Industrial Age. In order to accomplish a military high quality the military forces should accommodate to the new conditions. The merely networked the existent construction of ground forces is non plenty. A new construction of ground forces must be making which should let exchange of information at a high velocity. At this point the velocity of action will hold a great impact to the bid and control. Command and control can non obey the direction map of planning, forming, staffing, directing and commanding. During the battle the bid and control should obey OODA cringle. In fact during the edifice of force the commanding officer should by a skilled director but during the battle the commanding officer should use command theory that trades with the behaviour of dynamical systems. The OODA cringle is a simple and efficient theoretical account to depict the world of battle.

The Leader's role in effective governance of organisations Essay

The Leader's role in effective governance of organisations - Essay Example Among humans leaders appear in a variety of roles and include politics, business, religion, and other social factors. In such a scenario, absence of effective leadership will eventually lead to the destruction or at least decay in a group or society. Due to their superior intelligence, many styles and forms of leadership have evolved in the world of humans. This has also resulted in leadership being the subject of study by various scholars and theorists over a period of time. This paper is a study of leadership and corporate responsibility in business organizations and will look at a broad range of features, factors, and issues with regard to its influence in an organizational setting. Corporate governance is of great importance and focus in the world of business today. Undoubtedly, it has become one of the hot topics for writers and academicians. However, there is no consensus as to what constitutes CG. An academic paper points out, in this context that â€Å"Most academics, business professionals, and lay observers would agree that CG is defined as the general set of customs, regulations, habits, and laws that determine to what end a firm should be run. Much more fraught, however, is the question: â€Å"what defines good corporate governance†Ã‚  (Corporate Governance, 2006)?  Corporations unlike its smaller counterparts like sole proprietorships, partnerships, and small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are much larger and hence more complex to govern. Even though no owner or partner can avoid the concept of good governance, the consequences of a smaller firm being unsuccessful due to poor practices is much lower when compared to larger corporations. One o f the main reasons is that the number of stakeholders who are affected is comparatively huge in the case of corporations. In this case, the stakeholders are comprised of the employees, the shareholders, the local governing bodies, the creditors, other contractual partners, any

Corporate Governance Implications of Financial Fraud Dissertation

Corporate Governance Implications of Financial Fraud - Dissertation Example Student’s family name: First names: Student ID No: Course: Supervisor: Dissertation Title: Corporate Governance Implications of Financial Fraud Declaration I certify that this dissertation is my own work. I have read the University regulations concerning plagiarism. I am willing to allow the university to use my dissertation as a sample for future students. Financial statement fraud and Ponzi schemes involving Board Chairpersons and senior figures in public companies wasted billions of dollars of investor capital to threaten markets and public interest. These scandals forced legislatures and regulators to question whether inadequacies in corporate governance contributed to a higher propensity for fraud and how best to correct these. Although it is true that corporate governance alone is not the only reason for financial statement fraud, it makes sense to try to encourage boards to discharge their responsibilities with due and diligent care. Because a corrupt board will propaga te fraud, it makes sense to emphasize the independence of boards from management and independence of individual directors to ensure effective boards. Only independent boards capable of exercising due diligence without negative influences exerted on audit committees, and auditors can ensure transparency and a commitment to ethical conduct must come from the top. For this dissertation, a literature review and case studies for selected early 21st-century fraud scandals serve to conceptualize corporate governance implications of financial fraud using inductive research. However, the research presented avoids a more extensive study involving examination of a far larger number of fraud cases from fraud databases using statistical methods in an attempt to lean towards conceptual development. (This page intentionally left blank) CHAPTER 1:   The corporate scandals of the early 21st century shocked the financial community around the world to present an impetuous for government regulatory a ction to try to correct the prevailing laxity in safeguards against corporate fraud (Causseaux, 2007, pp. 151 – 152). In the United States of America, scandals surrounding Enron, WorldCom, Aldephi, and HealthSouth were a topic of discussion for many even though financial fraud was to continue to prevail in many other parts of the world.  

Professional Ethics and Responsibilities in Computer Technology Research Paper

Professional Ethics and Responsibilities in Computer Technology - Research Paper Example However, software developers, individuals and businesses have to think about the rights and wrongs of making use of the information technology every day. The basic concerns essential to the world of IT are the end user's anticipations of privacy and the provider's ethical responsibility to utilize email or applications (Katers, 2012). Due to quickly changing environment of information technology, new and complex ethical concerns are emerging that bring into question the capability of society to tackle, and self-confidently resolve them. These serious issues and concerns are taking place in different fields such as information technology, biotechnology, nuclear technology, nanotechnology (Kastenberg, 2011). This paper discusses the role of the professional ethics and responsibilities in computer technology. The basic aim of this research is to discuss the importance and relevance of computer ethics in information technology. ... Moreover, in a business environment, some of the important professional ethical issues can be: (Sembok, 2003; Duke University, 2011) Managing human resource issues Impartiality in data analysis and professional consulting Data privacy Resolution of conflicts of interest Professional accountability Software piracy Academic honesty Adherence to confidentiality agreements In addition, the problems and issues of IT Ethics have recently turned out to be the biggest challenge for business organizations as well as individuals. In this scenario, the potential to put huge material on the web has attracted a vast majority of people. However, developing systems and applications have quietly concealed the issues and complexities as well as aggravations that were concerned in writing HTML; increasingly websites are being developed by people with a comparatively diffident quantity of computer systems (Schweitzer, 2005). The incorporation of new technology based systems has been almost never so sim ple. Moreover, as the web started to expand out of its shortened immaturity, a wide variety of new problems and concerns emerged repeatedly, and a majority of concerns and issues remained unresolved. Moreover, a lot of problems and concerns hold powerful ethics related data and information content. As the potential to arrive at millions of people immediately has passed into the hands of the individuals, the quick emergence of thorny ethical concerns is probable to carry-on unabated (Schweitzer, 2005). Common Dilemmas As ethics is not a black-and-white topic, the choices we formulate could affect our business or even our living. There are numerous ethical problems that can happen while making use of networking, social media or any IT based

UPS case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

UPS case study - Essay Example With the objective of providing complete supply chain solutions to its customer, the company established the UPS Logistics Group in 1995. Today, the company manages the flow of goods, funds and information in more than 200 countries and territories every day. UPS provides specialized transportation, logistics, capital, and e-commerce services to its valued customers. It also enables its clients with warehousing, freight forwarding and returns management (Research and Markets 2011). UPS owns a large fleet of trucks, trailers, vans et al to ensure smooth functioning of day to day business. The company has imbibed the latest technology from time to time so as to provide superior services to its clients. UPS offers both ‘LTL’ and ‘TL’ services to cater to needs of all its clients ((PR Newswire 2006). From time to time, the Atlanta based company ventured in oversees markets and made a mark there as well. 2) The U.S. Postal Service, headed by a Postmaster General and a Board of Governors, is a branch of the federal government. The USPS is, by statute, under obligation to provide mail services to all Americans. This mandate has to be followed by the USPS irrespective of where the customers live. USPS has to serve these customers/territories even if a cost-benefit analysis suggests that they do not make commercial sense (Harreld, Heather 2000). This obligation obviously leads to high costs, reduced efficiency and thus puts a strain on the financials of the company. Since USPS, a government agency is bound to operate even in non lucrative areas; UPS is relieved of this obligation, legal as well as moral, to do business in such areas. As such, UPS can concentrate on areas, services and customers that it deems would give the company decent profits. 3) An intermodal approach entails the placing of parcels, packages or letters that UPS is required to deliver in an intermodal container  or vehicle. This intermodal

Compare and contrast the key principles of associationist and social Essay

Compare and contrast the key principles of associationist and social constructivist theories and their implications for learning and teaching in the classroom - Essay Example t theory has been the basis for today’s organizations and associations and carefully outlines the way in which they carry out their daily processes (George L. Hersey, 1972). The associationists believe that the human mind is simply a concoction of vital elements that are governed by some automatic mechanisms. These automatic mechanisms are nothing but the associations that are being discussed in the present context. In fact, Hume had once said that As such, the degree of association is pretty atomic as well as mechanical in nature. The theory of Associationism has a number of principles that have largely worked towards making it an effective theory despite differing opinions of individual intellectuals. The primary facet of Associationism is that the association between the mental elements is built up by the mind through constant learning from experience, wherein all such experiences are molded into a set of basic beliefs and ideas. All of these ideas are elementary in nature and are rather unstructured and independent from each other. In order to define complex ideas, subsets of these simple and unstructured ideas (which are now rules guiding the individual in decision making) are used to build up a solution for such a complex idea (George L. Hersey, 1972). As such, it can be seen that Associationism is plainly an attempt by the mind to reconstruct and develop the human mind based on experiences through the individual senses. As all such rules are constructed through experience, there is very little space for theoretical assumptions and such associations are therefore a concatenation of a number of individual ideas that have been built up over time. The solution built up by the resulting association is what projects a systematic picture of the mind and its beliefs. The Social Constructivism theory is a theory pertaining to the study of knowledge that details on how specific social phenomena evolve within different situations and social contexts. As such, a

Analysis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Analysis paper - Essay Example He adequately explains that tough laws on gun control will not be effective since it will affect about two percent of the one third of the 200 million guns in private ownership who own hand guns and who use these guns in serious crimes. He further explains that most of the handguns used in serious crimes are purchased privately from local pawn shops and gun shops which would not be affected from the gun laws (James, 126). While this happens Wilson argues that majority of the guns that would be subject to these laws would compromise the ability of victims of the climes to defend themselves since the guns are often used in self defense purposes. James (126) states that this would be centrally to the objectives of the gun laws of disarming citizens who own guns illegally and are more likely to use them commit crimes. Instead, the tough gun law would reduce the number of law-abiding citizens owning guns to use in areas with high crime levels. He further argues that the most effective way of discouraging individuals from owning and carrying illegally acquired guns is through police search and street frisks where individuals who are caught carrying guns without permits are arrested and charged. However the frisks must be based on reasonable suspicion and not mere hunch. Additionally, the police frisks must be aimed at detecting illegal guns, arresting suspects and avoids harassing innocent citizens in the name of searching illegal weapons (James, 127). According to Wilson, each police officer could be given a list of individual suspects who are members of a known criminal gang, on parole or probation, and live within the officer’s beat. The officer could conduct frequent search to ensure that the individual does not possess illegal weapons. This is because these individuals do not possess these guns to engage in criminal activity, but to protect themselves from other armed gangs or individuals who oppose them. In most cases the

Marketing Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Planning - Essay Example The Marketing Planning is also defined as the process that motivates the marketing personnel to look internally in order to fully understand the results of past marketing decisions and to look externally in order to fully understand the market in which they operate. It also sets future goals and provides direction for future marketing efforts that everyone within the organization should understand and support. It is a key component in obtaining funding to pursue new initiatives. SBU stands for Strategic Business Unit. It is one of the crucial component in marketing planning. SBU is understood as a business unit with in the overall corporate identity which is identifiable from other business because it serves a defined external market where management can conduct strategic planning in relation to products and markets. When companies become really large, they are best thought of as being composed of a number of SBUs. A SBU is a unit of the company that has a separate mission and objectives and that can be planned independently from the other businesses. An SBU can be a company division, a product line or even individual brands and it all depends on how the company is organized. An independent grouping of organizations, products or technologies within a parent organization, with complete resource and profit responsibility for serving an identified markets (FN1). These organizational entities are large enough and homogeneous enough to exercise control over most strategic factors affecting their performance. They are managed as self contained planning units for which separate business strategies can be developed. A Strategic Business Unit can encompass an entire company, or can simply be a smaller part of a company set up to perform a specific task. The SBU has its own business strategy, objectives and competitors and these will be different from those of the parent company. The marketing planning is a dynamic process which has to be highly

Effect of the Charities Act 2006 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Effect of the Charities Act 2006 - Essay Example The designation of a charitable organization in the United Kingdom’s statute law, according to the Charities Act 2006, is an institution whose establishment is for charitable purposes alone. Some of the charitable purposes according to the Act include; the advancement of education, religion, and prevention of poverty. The charitable purposes also include the advancement of citizenship, health, animal welfare, arts, culture, heritage, and amateur sport, among others. However, for the purposes of convenience in classifying the aims of charity, Lord Macnaghten in 1891 when ruling the Commissioners for Special Income Tax v Pemsel [1891] AC 531 case put the aims under four heads. These heads are; the reprieve of poverty, the advancement of education, the advancement of religion, and any purposes that are of benefit to society. In order for an organization to be fully a charitable organization, one ought to be able to identify benefits rising from organizations to the advantage of t he society. The requirement is, also that the benefits that the charitable institution is providing must be directly related to the aims or purposes of the charity. Any harm that arises from the operations of the institution must be evenly balanced with the benefits that the institution provides. In addition to this, the institution ought to serve the general public or a target section of the public without any restrictions or discrimination. During the operations of the charitable institution, any private benefits ought to be secondary.... Any harm that arises from the operations of the institution must be evenly balanced with the benefits that the institution provides. In addition to this, the institution ought to serve the general public, or a target section of the public without any restrictions or discrimination. During the operations of the charitable institution, any private benefits ought to be secondary4. In the context of the law, it is essential to differentiate between the objects, the aims, and the means of a charity. A charitable trust’s objects, according to the Charity Commission of the United Kingdom, are the terms used to identify the purposes for which the institution wishes to serve the community5. As earlier stated, aims or purposes are the activities through which the charity will involve itself in trying to serve the community. The aims should not be profit oriented otherwise the charity commission will disapprove the institution of any charitable status. In addition to this, a charitable o rganization should state its means of income and how it plans to achieve its aims, where and how the organization will get the finances to effect their objects. The analogy in law is a process where judges have to establish a connection between the case at hand, and the provisions of the law. This involves a situation where a judge refers to a case or a provision in the law, which is not related to the case at hand, but there are similarities in the governing principles. In the process of identifying what category a charity’s purposes falls, it is vital to find out if there exists any analogy between the purposes of the organization, and the purposes set in

Investment theory Essay Example for Free

Investment theory Essay The efficient market hypothesis (EMH) is an investment theory that states it is impossible to beat the market because stock market efficiency causes existing share prices to always incorporate and reflect all relevant information. According to this theory, the stock always trade at their fair value on stock exchanges. This makes it impossible for investors to either purchase undervalued stocks or sell stocks for inflated prices. EMH provides that it should be impossible to outperform the overall market through expert stock selection or market timing. The only way an investor can possibly obtain higher returns is through purchasing riskier investments (Answer. com, 2006). Using the EMH theory, this research study will examine the efficiency of the United Kingdom (UK) stock market indices by providing an internal performance comparison between FTSE 250 and FTSE AIM. A total of two hundred (200) companies will be used for the analysis, with one hundred (100) companies from each index, on the basis of trading value from all sectors, using Datastream platform. Two inputs (total sales and EBIT), and two outputs (total capital employed and total assets) will be used to analyse the data from each company. Literature Review Although EMH is deemed the cornerstone of modern financial theory, it has also been highly controversial and much disputed. Critics say it is pointless to search for undervalued stocks or to try to predict trends in the market through either fundamental or technical analysis. A review of related literature however will show that a large body of evidence show support of EMH. While academics point to a large body of evidence in support of EMH, an equal amount of dissension also exists. For example, investors such as Warren Buffett have consistently beaten the market over long periods of time, which by definition is an impossibility according to the EMH. Detractors of the EMH also point to events such as the 1987 stock market crash (when the DJIA fell by over 20% in a single day) as evidence that stock prices can seriously deviate from their fair values. (Answers. com) In finance, the efficient market hypothesis (EMH) asserts that financial markets are efficient, or that prices on traded assets, e. g. stocks, bonds, or property, already reflect all known information and therefore are unbiased in the sense that they reflect the collective beliefs of all investors about future prospects. The efficient market hypothesis implies that it is not possible to consistently outperform the market — appropriately adjusted for risk — by using any information that the market already knows, except through luck or obtaining and trading on inside information. Information or news in the EMH is defined as anything that may affect stock prices that is unknowable in the present and thus appears randomly in the future. This random information will be the cause of future stock price changes.

Egyptian Mythology Essay Example for Free

Egyptian Mythology Essay Mythology is a collection of stories believed to be true by any culture, where these stories are used to interpret and explain natural and supernatural phenomenon. Myths play a prominent role in religion. The abstract concept of god that is dealt with by religion is made concrete through the development of myths. Earliest mythologies concerned themselves with the immense powers of nature which might have confounded the brain of the primitive human beings. Therefore they worshipped nature rain, sun, water, wind, animals, birds, and trees. The evolution of mythology started with a feeling of terror and awe when confronted with these forces of nature over which man had very little power (Conway, 1876). The brain of human beings is constructed in such a manner that it seeks explanations for events. It is wired to look for causes behind consequences. Human beings used myths to provide reasons for the manner in which nature functioned. For example, thunder was considered to be the anger of gods. Many temples were built in order to propitiate the gods of their myths. Some of the most famous temples of Ancient Egypt are Abu Simbel, Abydos, Karnak, Luxor, and Ramesseum. Myths of different characteristics are found in ancient Egypt †¢ origin myths, †¢ ritual myths, †¢ creation myths, †¢ social myths, and †¢ eschatological myths. Of these, the creation myths are most interesting from the point of view of Egyptian mythology as well as those of other mythologies. According to the Egyptian mythology, there are three different cosmogonies: first involves the emergence of land and life from primordial waters known as Neith, second involves the creation of Ra from the interaction of water, air, darkness and eternity, and the third one is similar to the Judeo-Christian creation myth whereby Ptah, the eternal god, spoke and all creation was manifested. Origin of life for the Egyptians begins with the creation of the nine primeval deities known as Pesedjet. Out of these deities the most important one is Atum, who is known to be the ‘complete one’ or the ‘one absolute’. He is created from the primordial soup known as Neith. His breath becomes dryness and semen becomes moisture. Through an interaction of dryness and moisture, emerge the earth and sky. They separated to form life and death, and desert and fertile land. The creation of earth and life from chaos is a theory central to the Hindu, Cherokee, Babylonian, Nordic and Germanic mythologies. The other important motifs of creation myths are the separation of the male (father) and female (mother) gods, emergence of land from water and the creation of everything from nothing. According to the Ancient Finns, the world is formed from a broken egg. In ancient Egyptian mythology, the sun god, Ra, opened in an egg. As life exists because of the energy derived from sunlight, it is easy to notice that the creation of life is linked to the creation of the sun. Origin myths are known as aetiologies. They are used to explain the causes of certain cult myths. They are related to the creation myths in the sense that they explain the causes of the creation myths. Many animals were considered sacred. Nowhere is this more evident than in Egyptian mythology. The Egyptian pantheon was essentially zoomorphic. Some of the common sacred animals of the ancient Egyptian pantheon are Anubis, the jackal or dog; Apis, the bull; Hathor, the cow; Horus, the falcon; Satis, the gazelle; Sekhmet, the lioness; and Selket, the scorpion. All these animals were attributed with divine powers but the god himself or herself (as the case may be) was anthropomorphic. Gods created good and evil. Thus there was no need for a devil in ancient Egypt (Conway, 1876). Propitiating the gods with rites and rituals bestowed men with good fortune. For the ancient Egyptians though, it was not life that was important. They placed immense import on the after-life. All of life was a preparation for life after death. All the Egyptian myths speak about the after-life at some point or the other. In order to explain what happened to human beings after death, they believed that the soul of a person goes into a judgement hall by Anubis. The heart of the dead person is weighed on a balancing scale against a single feather that symbolizes Ma’at, who stands of truth. If the heart is outweighed by the feather, the dead soul goes to ‘live’ in the presence of Osiris, who is the lord of the after-life. If the heart outweighs the feather, Ammit, who is part lion, part crocodile and part hippopotamus, eats the heart. The reason for this is that a heavy heart is one that is burdened by sin and guilt and a light heart is a pure one (Budge, 1991). One of the most prominent deities in the ancient Egyptian mythology is the sun. Many deities were associated with the sun such as Bast, Bat, Hathor, Menhit, Nut, Sekhmet and Wadjet. The sun’s god was known as Ra who was the creator of everything. He was represented by a man’s body and a hawk’s head and holding a sceptre and an ankh. Horus was another representative of the sun. The sun would travel across the sky every day in a barque and travel in the underworld during the night. Ra would fight a battle with Apep everyday during darkness in order to remerge during the day. After their death, the members of the royal household were believed to travel with the sun each day in the barque. The kings considered themselves to be the sons of the sun and therefore, a Pharaoh was born divine. The king was ‘Son of Amen’ and therefore a personification of the sun, the father (Bard, 1999). The concept lingers to this day in the form of Jesus Christ who is the son of God, the Father. Jesus is in absolute likeliness of the God, the Father. Sun has similar importance in the mythologies of other cultures too. The Aztecs worshipped the sun as Toniatiuh, ‘movement of the sun’ in Nahuatl. For them, sun was the leader of heaven. According to them, the present sun was the fifth sun with its own cosmological time span. There were four other suns before this one. According to the Chinese cosmology there were ten suns. Hou Yi was the hero who shot nine of the ten suns so that there would just enough light and heat to sustain the planet. Most Vedic hymns are dedicated to Surya, the sun god. Savita was the personification of the deity. There were twelve Adityas or solar deities. Ancient Egyptian mythology is rift with rituals. Rituals were central to the religion, state and culture of this great civilization. Many texts were used to assist in the rituals †¢ Books of Breathing, †¢ Book of the Earth, †¢ Book of the Dead, †¢ Book of the Netherworld, †¢ Book of the Gates, †¢ Book of Caverns and †¢ Amduat. Of these, the Book of the Dead is most famous. It contains many spells and incantations. It was buried along with the dead in order to help them pass through the underworld in a safe manner. The ancient Egyptian funerary rituals included mummification, casting of incantations and spells, and burial. The bodies of the dead were mummified because the ancient Egyptians believed that the soul needed to the body even after death. The mummified bodies were buried along with many grave goods such as tools, implements, jewels, clothes and weapons. Many mummies would be placed in funerary boats. Burial rituals were always accompanied by funerary literature. For a long time it was thought that mummification was unique to the ancient Egyptians until mummies began to be discovered by archaeologists in China and Latin America. The process of mummification also appears to have been similar and they also appear to have been accompanied by rituals and incantations. The presence of megalithic structures in ancient Egypt has interesting parallels in Crete, Ireland, and even Melanesia. These are a group of complex building built in a labyrinthine fashion near a lake. They associated essentially with animal sacrifice and funerary rituals (Campbell, 1959). Ancient Egyptian mythologies extend even to the trees. They considered that a spirit dwelled in a leafy-tree and that there was a well of water at the bottom of the tree. Some of the common sacred trees in Egypt were the sycamore, palm, and persea (Buhl, 1947). Hathor, the cow was also known as a tree-goddess in the Old Kingdom and many tree-goddess cults prevailed in that region. Hathor was also known as ‘The Mistress of the Southern Sycamore’. Not only females but even males were associated with tree divinity. â€Å"He who is under a moringa tree† was a common statement in tree cults and referred to various tree deities. Mythologies abound even today in many religious systems. Many Judeo-Christians believe that the Genesis is a literal account of creation. It has sparked many a controversy with the evolutionary theory of life. Comparative mythologists such as Joseph Campbell and Rollo May claim that the loss of connection with ancient myths is one of the causes of greatest concerns for the modern man. Myths act as guides. They are the signposts of the soul. The stories they tell are very similar to the lives we lead. The morals they provide are sure to help man in solving the problems of his own life. REFERENCES: http://www. solarnavigator. net/egyptian_solar_boat. htm Moncure D. Conway, â€Å"On Mythology†. The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. 5, (1876), pp. 202-212. Budge, E. A. Wallis, â€Å"Egyptian Religion: Egyptian Ideas of the Future Life (Library of the Mystic Arts)†. Citadel Press. August 1, 1991. Kathryn Bard, â€Å"`Encyclopedia of the Archeology of Ancient Egypt†. Routledge. 1999. Joseph Campbell, â€Å"Primitive Mythologies†. Penguin Books. 1959. Marie-Louise Buhl, â€Å"The Goddesses of the Egyptian Tree Cult†. Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 6, No. 2 (Apr. , 1947), pp. 80-97

The Debate on Austerity

The Debate on Austerity The adoption of austerity post the financial crisis in 2010 by the UK government is heavily debated. This essay evaluates the arguments for and against this fiscal contraction deliberating on the applied and possible fiscal policy measures and the limitations of monetary policy after the fiscal stimulus provided in 2008. When the housing bubble burst and Lehman Brothers collapsed in 2008, the subprime mortgage crisis magnified into a global financial crisis. Governments had to rush in and save banks. If not, the fall of public confidence in the banking system would have made the problem far more severe. Large fiscal stimulus packages were rolled out to cushion the blow. But for how long would a government be willing to take further debt for expansionary fiscal policy? They could have continued to increase public expenditure to compensate for the fall in private expenditure in accordance with the Keynesian theory. Or increase savings, let the wage rate drop and have the demand rise due to a price advantage in the long run (Hayek, 2006). By 2010, United Kingdom’s national debt reached 75.6% of its GDP (Eurostat). Had bond yields increased due to falling market confidence, the fiscal situation would have been worse off. It would imply that the risk associated with government bonds is higher and have negative implications about the government’s credibility, all raising the cost of public debt in the future. Thus, in the 2010 elections, the campaigns of both the Conservative and Labour parties suggested reducing the fiscal deficit. No one spoke in favour of further stimulus and austerity was adopted. The UK government feared a Greek-style meltdown. A country having borrowings in its own currency and a friendly central bank may not have to fear public debt as much. It could always keep a control on interest rates or postpone repayment by issuing new bonds. However, then governor of the Bank of England, Mervyn King, appeared to favour austerity. It remains uncertain if he would have sanctioned further quantitative easing. Typically, central banks reduce interest rates to stimulate the economy in such conditions. Lower interest rates promote consumption which would have decreased due to lower fiscal expenditure. The drop in interest rates from 5.5% in 2008 to 0.5% generated  £350 billion to inject into the economy (Giles, 2018). But with interest rates at an all-time low of 0.5% since 2009, there wasn’t much that could be done on the monetary policy front (Bank of England). The drop in interest rates from 5.5% in 2008 to 0.5% generated  £350 billion to inject into the economy. the Value Added Tax (VAT) was raised to 20% and public expenditure was cut to bring down the deficit (Finch, 2010:1). The combination of additional revenue and a lower deficit would cut down the need for further debt and help service the existing. Austere spending decisions lowered the welfare expenditure. The employment level decreased because of lower government expenditure. As a result, demand plunged and so did the gross domestic product. High uncertainty had lowered the public confidence. The GDP growth rate was insufficient to counter the shrinking in the economy caused by austerity. International Monetary Fund (2012) warned that the country might face permanent damage to its productive capacity if the same policies were continued. The government’s tax revenues took a hit owing to lower output. This resulted in a higher debt to GDP ratio as the budgetary deficit grew. As real wages of public sector workers and local council budgets fell, homelessness and reliance on food banks rose. Social care for the elderly was negatively impacted and help from Red Cross was called in to shoulder the increased pressure on the NHS (Gillett, 2017). Mark Blyth (2013) noted that there was disparity in the impact of austerity across different levels of society. He pointed out that the consequences were felt more severely by the larger share of public service users who didn’t have enough wealth to counter the cut in welfare spending.   In theory, falling deficit would result in lower taxes in the future. This should increase consumer confidence in the economy. However, critiques of austerity blame the government for the plummeting consumption levels. They believe the government should have continued with quantitative easing when the private spending shrank. Wage rates fall with falling public expenditure. This gives the economy a cost advantage as compared to its competitors in the global markets. To benefit from this, it is necessary that foreign demand for the domestically produces goods increases. But many Eurozone were implementing austerity themselves and thus, there was no substantial increase in foreign demand for British goods. Moreover, countries like China had induced a fiscal stimulus in their economies despite not having been impacted as greatly by the crisis. Hence, there was already enough supply in the market for any country to benefit from rising demand.   There was perhaps not once cause to the declining consumer spending in the UK. While UK’s own fiscal policy changed in 2010, the economic environment globally was also impacted by several countries introducing policy changes. The commodity prices changed and the Federal Reserve was keeping global rates low, all of which had some impact on the UK economy (Buttonwood, 2015). In spite of the falling consumption, there was a need to reduce government expenditure to reduce the deficit. Further fiscal stimulus, after what was introduced during the financial crisis, would have led to a sharp increase in government debt. Such a high debt level would make fiscal policy unsustainable and repayment challenging (Emmerson, Keynes and Tetlow, 2013). In terms of real total spending, the cut wasn’t as much from 2010 to 2015. Britain’s general total disbursements as a percentage of national income were the third highest amongst the G6 nations between 2007 to 2009 and remained so in 2013 (OECD, 2014). Annualised average real increase in spending on social security and health rose and real spending on working age and pensioner benefits grew between 2010 and 2013 (Keynes and Tetlow, 2014: 16-17). The economy’s recovery in 2013-2014 sparked another debate. Had austerity worked or was it the result of policy alteration in 2012? Klein (2015) asserted the growth was a result of a reversal from austerity. Smith (2015) refuted, stating that the government was still austere in spending decisions with the fiscal tightening being larger than 3% of GDP. Krugman (2015), however, maintained that abandoning further fiscal cuts after two years of austerity led to the economic growth. Whether the economy would have been in a better position without austerity will remain unknown. What can be concluded though is that austerity was not an economic necessity then. But with UK’s ageing population, welfare expenditure will only increase in the future. Such a welfare cap will become necessary for better policy decisions as the pressure on NHS and public services escalates. Continued quantitative easing in 2010 would have made public finances more unsustainable and fiscal austerity in future more drastic. Spending cuts or higher taxes, no matter when, will always be met with heavy criticism. Hence, a developed country with ageing population could aim at increasing sources of income, reducing income inequalities and reducing the dependence on welfare expenditure. Bibliography Bank of England [online] Available from: http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/boeapps/iadb/Repo.asp (Accessed 24 April 2018) Blyth, M. The Austerity Delusion. Foreign Affairs [online] Available from: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2013-04-03/austerity-delusion (Accessed 15 April 2018) Buttonwood (2015) What is austerity?. The Economist [online] Available from: https://www.economist.com/blogs/buttonwood/2015/05/fiscal-policy (Accessed 15 April 2018) Emmerson, C. & Keynes, S. & Tetlow, G. (2013) Public finances: outlook and risks. The IFS Green Budget: February 2013. London: Institute for Fiscal Studies. Available from: http://www.ifs.org.uk/budgets/gb2013/GB3013_Ch5.pdf Eurostat [online] Available from: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en&pcode=sdg_17_40&plugin=1 (Accessed 24 April 2018) Finch, J. (2010) Budget 2010: VAT rise to 20% ‘could cause double-dip recession’. The Guardian [online] Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2010/jun/22/vat-rise-recession-fears (Accessed 15 April 2018) Giles, C. (2018) Bank of England defends response to financial crisis after criticism. Financial Times [online] Available from: https://www.ft.com/content/4231c5a0-3caf-11e8-b9f9-de94fa33a81e (Accessed 24 April 2018). Gillett, F. (2017) NHS calls in Red Cross volunteers and staff amid humanitarian crisis. Evening Standard [online] Available from: https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/nhs-calls-in-red-cross-volunteers-and-staff-amid-humanitarian-crisis-a3434901.html (Accessed 15 April 2018) Hayek, F. A. (2006) The Paradox of Saving. [online] Available form: https://mises.org/library/paradox-saving (Accessed 15 April 2018) International Monetary Fund (2012) United Kingdom : Staff Report for the 2012 Article IV Consultation. [online] Available from: https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2016/12/31/United-Kingdom-Staff-Report-for-the-2012-Article-IV-Consultation-26083 (Accessed 15 April 2018) Keynes, S. & Tetlow, G. (2014) Survey of public spending in the UK. London: Institute for Fiscal Studies. Available from: https://www.ifs.org.uk/publications/1791 Klein, M. W. (2015) Eurozone Recovery and Lessons About Austerity. The Wall Street Journal [online] Available from: https://www.blogs.wsj.com/washwire/2015/05/16/eurozone-recovery-and-lessons-about-austerity/ (Accessed 15 April 2018) Krugman, P. (2015) The case for cuts was a lie. Why does Britain still believe it? The austerity delusion. The Guardian [online] Available from: https://www.theguardian.com/business/ng-interactive/2015/apr/29/the-austerity-delusion (Accessed 15 April 2018) The Organisation for Economic Co-operation (2014) Economic Outlook No 95 May 2014 OECD Annual Projections. [online] Available from: https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=EO95_INTERNET (Accessed on 24 April 2018) Smith, D. (2015) The Myth of Abandoned Austerity. [online] Available from: http://www.economicsuk.com/blog/002094.html (Accessed 15 April 2018)

Buddhism Essay -- Buddhism India Buddha Religion Essays

Buddhism Buddhism is the great oriental religion founded by Guatama Buddha, who lived and taught in India in the sixth century BC All Buddhists trace their faith to Buddha and "revere" his person (Frederic 15). Nearly all types of Buddhism include monastic orders whose members serve as teachers and clergy to the lay community (Maraldo 19). However, beyond these common features the numerous sects of modern Buddhism exhibit great variety in their beliefs and practices. In its oldest surviving form, known as Theravada or Hinayana. Buddhism is primarily a spiritual philosophy and system of ethics (Frederic 16). It places little or no emphasis on deities, teaching that the goal of the faithful is to achieve nirvana, a blissful state of insight and release from the bonds of the self, the world, and an endless round of births, deaths, and rebirths in successive lives (Maraldo 20). The state of spiritual perfection is achieved through the practice of humility, generosity, mercy, abstention from violence, and above all, self-control. The latter forms of Buddhism, known as Mahayana, however, often worship a pantheon of divine Buddhas and future Buddhas (Zwalf 20). Some have a elaborate hierarchies demons as well. Several varieties of Mahayana Buddhism promise the worshiper a real paradise rather than a perfected spiritual state ( Zwalf 21). Several sects emphasize faith more strongly than works. "One sec seeks to induce in the believer a jarring, intuitive, nonrational insight into true reality" (Maraldo 24). In all lands to which Buddhism has spread it has made adaptations to local conditions. For example, in Japan extreme nationalist sects have developed. Differences may be seen in Buddhist art, architecture, inconograph, ritua... ...one percent of the population) in India, Pakistan, the Philippines, and Indonesia (Frederic 46). Outside Asia, a few thousand live in North America (300,000), South America (160,000), and Europe (20,000) (Frederic 48). The total number of Buddhists in the world is not surely known; estimates vary from less than 200,000,000 to 500,000,000 (Frederic 48). Buddhism is one the major religions of the world. Buddhism is become a dominant religious, cultural , and social force in most of Asia. It has combined with elements like Hinduism. Buddhism will continue to spread out across the world. Works Cited Maraldo, John. Buddhism in the Modern World. New York: Macmillan, 1990. Zwalf, W. Buddhism Art and Faith. New York: Macmillan, 1990. Frederic, Louis. Buddhism. New York: Flammarion, 1995. Snellgrove, David. The Image of Buddha. New York: Serindia, 1991.

The Civil War Essay -- American History

The Civil War When the Land Commission turned down Naglee and Pico’s application in 1852, Henry Naglee looked to another Mexican-American War veteran for help. Henry Wager Halleck (1815–1872) had graduated from West Point in 1839. During the conflict, the Army assigned Lieutenant Halleck to duty in California. Halleck spent several months building fortifications in Alta California before he saw action at Mazatlà ¡n. After the war, he returned to California to serve as aide-de-camp to General Bennett C. Riley (1787–1853), the last military governor-general of occupied California. Riley, needing a military secretary of state, appointed Halleck. The station allowed Halleck to be the governor’s representative to the 1849 constitutional convention at Monterey. Halleck became the document’s principal author. Because of his political accomplishments, Halleck was soon practicing law in addition to fulfilling his military duties. His law firm at San Francisco, HALLECK, PEACHY & BILLINGS, would eventually successfully represent most of California’s land grant holders, including Pico and Naglee, in their cases before the Federal Court. Captain Halleck success as a lawyer prompted him to resign his Army commission in 1854. Halleck had a profound interest in early California history. While still at Monterey, he began to gather Spanish-era documents, both originals and transcripts, which eventually numbered several thousand pages. His representation of the land grant holders brought many Mexican-era documents into his possession. While his â€Å"looting† of the provincial archives was possibly illegal, his collecting was fortunate for modern historians. In 1858, the Federal Archives Commission deposited the provincial archives’ remaining contents i... ...yt—lists Miss Ringgold as George’s daughter. Miss Ringgold’s birth date is also uncertain. Several sources say she was born in 1840. The index to the Naglee family papers at Bancroft Library place her birth about 1846. The 1860 Census shows Miss Ringgold—listed as living in George Ringgold’s San Francisco household—as eighteen, placing her birth in 1842. The identity of Miss Ringgold’s mother is also uncertain. George Ringgold’s wife, as shown by the 1860 Census, was Mary Condy Ringgold (1829–1892). Too young to be Miss Ringgold’s mother, she met and married George Ringgold while he was stationed in Charleston after 1850. Miss Ringgold was, most likely, the product of an earlier marriage. George Ringgold left the Army in 1837 to try his hand at other endeavors. Possibly bereaved, he returned to Washington City from Illinois in 1842 and rejoined the Army in 1846.

Body Piercing: Reclamation, Enhancement, And Self-Expression Essay exam

In America the practice of body piercing is everywhere, especially among young people, who are getting several parts of their bodies pierced either as an affirmation of their personal individuality, as a means of sexual gratification or stimulation, a reclamation of their bodies from physical or emotional trauma, or for as a means of adornment. Whatever the reason, it's widespread. Body piercing is the piercing of the ears, nose, septum, cheeks, lip, tongue, nipples, navel, clitoris, labia, penis, and scrotum. Says California State University anthropologist James Myers, Ph.D. body piercing is "possibly as old as genus Homo." (Todd, Richard, p.1) Body piercing studios are popping up all over the country in a response to the growing demand for having a needle poked through your skin. Contrary to popular belief, body piercing is not being performed by freakish subculture deviants. In order to be a reputable piercer one has to take a rigorous course of education in the principals and met hods of body piercing. This is a step toward the acceptance of body piercing in mainstream America, where it is still viewed with mistrust by many. Body piercing allows a person to express their individuality in a new way: by putting a needle through yourself, you mark your body as your own (Delaney, Jim, p.3). By exploring some of the motivations behind body piercing, onediscovers that it's not an unhealthy practice (unless performed in an unsterile environment or the piercing is not adequately cared for by the piercee- both of which are heavily discouraged by piercing advocates). Indeed, body piercing is a healthy way to express your individuality or improve your self image. In the nineties, more and more young people are sporting rings through various parts of their bodies. This is known as body piercing, and it has made a considerable imprint on young people. Body piercing is the practice of piercing the ears, eyebrows, tongue, nose, septum, lip, cheek, nipples, navel or genitals for varied reasons. It's becoming more and more common: Body piercing shops are cropping up all over the country and business is booming. Says piercer Kent Fazekas, who owns Indianapolis-based Body Accents Inc, " ...I think it's here to stay." (Eckert, Toby, 1) The practice of body piercing among young Americans is part of a quest for individuality. Brooklyn body piercing studio Modern Americ... ...gn statement of who these people are and what they believe in. All too often it is ignorance that leads people to spurn body piercing. By educating yourself on the subject it becomes plain to see that body piercing is a powerful tool for self-expression and emotional security. By going through the pain of the piercing, the emotionally insecure regains a feeling of control. Works Cited 1. Trebay, Guy. "Hole in one" The Village Voice July 7, 1995: p.18 2. Eckert, Toby. "Body Accents Pierces Traditional Business Image with Wares to Wear" Indianapolis Business Journal March 3, 1997: p.45 3. Leo, Jon. "The Modern Primitives" US. News and World Report July 31, 1995: p.16 4. Wattenberg, Daniel. "A Parents' Guide to Body Piercing" Forbes September 23, 1996: pp. 166-173 5. Howard, Dylan. "Holier than Thou" The Yale Daily News November 10, 1995: p.3 6. Todd, Richard. "Look What They've Done to my Bod, Ma" Psychology Today May/June 1993: p.8 7. Delaney, Jim. "Piercing for Beginners" Prime Magazine September 26, 1995: pp. 19-23 8. Alexander, Keith. "About Body Piercing." Body Modification Ezine 3pp. World Wide Web http://www.bme.freeQ.com June 1997

Apple Swot Analysis

Company background Name| McDonald's Corporation| Industries served| Restaurants, Food| Geographic areas served| Worldwide| Headquarters| U. S. | Current CEO| Don Thompson| Revenue| $ 27. 56 billion (2012)| Profit| $ 5. 46 billion (2012)| Employees| 1,800,000 (2013)| Main Competitors| Burger King Worldwide,Inc. , Yum! Brand Inc. , Subway, Wendy’s Company. | McDonald’s is the world’s leading fast food restaurant chain with more than 34,000 local restaurants serving approximately 69 million people in 119 countries each day.More than 80% of McDonald’s restaurants worldwide are owned and operated by independent local franchisees. Strengths 1. Largest fast food market share in the world. McDonald’s is the largest fast food restaurant chain in terms of total world sales (8%). It is the second largest outlet operator with more than 34,000 outlets, serving 69 million consumers every day in 119 countries. 2. Brand recognition valued at $40 million. Companyâ⠂¬â„¢s brand is the most recognized brand in fast food industry and is valued at $40 billion. McDonald’s is also famous by the Ronald McDonald clown. . $2 billion advertising budget. McDonald’s spends on advertising more than the next 4 fast food restaurant chains combined. 4. Locally adapted food menus. The fast food chain is operating in many diverse cultures where tastes in food are extremely different than those of US or European consumers. Thus ability to adapt to local tastes is one of McDonald’s strengths. 5. Partnership with best brands. McDonald’s offers only most popular brands in its restaurants, such as: Coca Cola, Dannon Yogurt, Heinz ketchup and others. . More than 80% of restaurants are owned by independent franchisees. Therefore, McDonald’s can focus more on perfecting its serving system and marketing campaigns. 7. Children targeting. The company successfully targets very young children through offering playgrounds, toys with its me als and advertisements. Weaknesses 1. Negative publicity. McDonald’s is heavily criticized for offering unhealthy food to its customers, stimulating obesity and strong marketing focus on very young children. 2. Unhealthy food menu.Although McDonald’s tries to introduce healthier choices in its menu, the menu is largely formed of unhealthy meals and drinks. Such menu offering prompts protests by organizations that fight obesity and hence, decreases McDonald’s popularity. 3. Mac Job and high employee turnover. Mac Job is a low paid and a low skilled job, which is often seen negatively by its employees. This results in lower performance and high employee turnover, which increases training costs and add to overall costs of McDonald’s. 4. Low differentiation.McDonald’s is no longer able to substantially differentiate itself from other fast food chains (at least not enough to gain some market share) and opts to compete by price rather than by additional features. Opportunities 1. Increasing demand for healthier food. While demand for healthier food increases, McDonald’s could introduce more healthy food choices in its menu and reverse its weakness into strength. McDonald’s is trying to seize such an opportunity and soon plans to open only vegetarian restaurant in India. 2.Home meal delivery. McDonald’s could exploit an opportunity of delivering food to home and increase its reach to customers. 3. Full adaptation of its new practices. McDonald’s has redesigned its logo and restaurant design in 2006. In addition, it has introduced some new practices. In a result, remodeled restaurants have seen 8-9% higher than average market growth. McDonald’s should finish remodeling all of the restaurants and adapt the best practices in them as soon as possible. 4. Changing customer habits and new customer groups.Changing customer habits represent new needs that must be met by businesses. So far, McDonald’ s has been successful in introducing its McCafe, McExpress and McStop restaurants to meet the changing customer habits and the needs of previously untapped customer groups. Threats 1. Saturated fast food markets in the developed economies. The fast food market in the developed countries is already overcrowded by so many fast food restaurant chains and this already proves to be a threat to McDonald’s as it barely grew through 2012. 2. Trend towards healthy eating.Due to government and various organizations attempts to fight obesity, people are becoming more conscious of eating healthy food rather than what McDonald’s has to offer in its menu. 3. Local fast food restaurant chains. Local fast food restaurants can often offer a more local approach to serving food and menu that exactly represents local tastes. Although McDonald’s does a great job in adapting its own menu to local tastes, the rising number of local fast food chains and their lower meal prices is a thr eat to McDonald’s. 4. Currency fluctuations. McDonald’s receives a part of its income from foreign operations.The profits that are sent back to US have to be converted into dollars and may be affected by the exchange rates, especially when the dollar is appreciating against other currencies. In 2012, McDonald’s profit was largely affected by appreciating dollar. Lawsuits against McDonald’s. McDonald’s has already been sued for many times and lost quite a few lawsuits. Lawsuits are expensive as they require time and money. And as McDonald’s continues to operate more or less the same way, there is high probability for more expensive lawsuits to come. References: 8. The New York Times (2012).How McDonald’s Came Back Bigger Than Ever. Available at: http://www. nytimes. com/2012/05/06/magazine/how-mcdonalds-came-back-bigger-than-ever. html? pagewanted=2;_r=0;ref=mcdonaldscorporation 9. McDonald’s Investors (2013). Company profile. A vailable at: http://www. aboutmcdonalds. com/mcd/investors/company_profile. html 10. Wikipedia (2013). McDonald’s. Available at: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/McDonald's 11. United States Securities and Exchange Commission (2012). 10-K Form McDonald’s Corporation. Available at: http://sec. gov/Archives/edgar/data/63908/000119312511046701/d10k. htm

Questions and Answers about Marriage and Same-Sex Union

The devil articles delve into the contemporary debate of alike sex wedlock. The first one presents the bourgeois orthodox perspective of the Catholic combine on like sex total while the second article presents an unorthodox view which is more liberal and accepting. both article advocate a post on the said(prenominal) issue and aims to spreadhead the good news of their stand. The two articles face up the issue of same sex kernel by giving their own commentary of labor union.The orthodox view solicits that marriage, as instituted by God, is a assentful, exclusive, deportmentlong union of a man and a woman joined in an intimate community of life and love and that same sex union is an altogether different thing from marriage since it does non fit the definition. They say that it is non based on the natural complementarity of phallic and female it thronenot cooperate with God to get to new life and the natural tendency of sexual union cannot be achieved by a same -sex union.The liberal view points otherwise saying that Marriage can be defined as the unique and special(prenominal) form of committed friendship and this does not say that the persons have to be heterosexually attracted, thence wad of the same sex can still be married. This contrasting view is an interesting point for further relation and contrasting. Both authors use the book of account as their authoritative source of arguments. The USCCB in match claims that what is right is what is written in the bible, Prof.Maguire on his part claims that the bible as a historical note is not an account of what is right, it sometimes contain accounts which recommends what should not be done as depicted by the lesson of particular stories like in the stories somewhat slavery. The liberal view purports that many Catholic theologians agree now with Protestant and Jewish theologians that same sex unions can be moral, healthy, and holy and that many Catholic people are living in same sex unions and adopting children and still practicing their Catholic faith however . opus the USCCB continues to campaign against the equation of same sex unions to marriage and urges followers to honor their opinions in line with the teachings of their faith and of the bible. While using almost the same source, the bible and the interpretation of the word of God, both authors argue in different directions both of which does not directly rebut each other.

Charles Dickens

You may choose to sustain a biographical dictionary handy! Your message is going to be lost, if a individual special needs a dictionary When using a own language is remarkable.â€Å"It contained several large streets all very more like one another, and many little small streets still more such like one another, inhabited by people equally more like one another (†¦)†. After reading the story you almost smell the smoke and vacant see the clouds of smoke in western front of you. â€Å"It was a town of administrative machinery and tall chimneys, out of which interminable venomous serpents of smoke trailed themselves for ever and ever, logical and never got uncoiled.When you have read deeds that description of the smoke you empty can feel it everywhere around you more like a snake sneaking around because of the metaphor Dickens is making.Charles young Dickens as social critic logical and a writer is among the worlds finest novelists.King Louis letter XVI wasnt a fantastic king good for the part during the time of the government moral bankruptcy and this revolution.

At times the story appears to be aimless.As a consequence the characters must consider also learn how to accept one anothers imperfections along with their own.Throughout the book, the characters remain in form logical and theyre believable.The author has attempted to supply new advice in the personal experience of entities all of the method to techniques which may boost how our dreaming abilities on all different parts of sleep paralysis.

It is a little book about reading.Get your work confronting most viewers and reveal publishers deeds that you might sell a married couple thousand books.You have to little read the book.Write the book which you would love to read.

Responsibility of Ethics Essay

honest backing(a) among corporation members and business psyches is held in towering regard. The emergence of deposit need to be had at either times so that multitude receipt that their education is safe. When respectable consume dos arise, somewhatwhere, somehow at that place has to be psyche who is up to(p) and will to stand up and repute the un cracking come on. all(prenominal) professionals ar abjure by moral philosophy and the obligation to repute malign doing.In this case, the leave behinds pr strikeice of lawyer is charging the leave 12-14% more than(prenominal) than his graceful serving with value to his opposite lymph glands. principle fooling moral philosophy designate that non enti commit is he performing in stinking morals entirely appargonntly is taking avail of this leave. Charlie, nonetheless if non mandated by law or administrative rule, should assert the widow. This would be the right-hand(a) and venera ting social function to do just when is Charlie mandated by any reckon of moral philosophy to subroutine on this data and set forth her is the real number question.Charlie, flush though he is non the person creating the honest situation, is skip over by respectable figures to allege this widow at the rattling to the lowest degree just more appropriately the governance sureness, of the actions of her lawyer. As verbalise in the AIcertified earth accountant inscribe of master stock for CPAs members should act with single, steer by the instruction that when members come across their office to the public, invitees and employers stakes are vanquish served. (ET voice 53 denomination IIThe cosmos Interest, ET branch 52 clause IResponsibilities, ET variance 54 article trine one & ET fragment 56 clause V over out-of-pocket foreboding of the AICPA).The biggest ethical issue is honesty, integrity and the personal hand issues. The lawyer stan ds to shed light on a straightforward amount of money, rise up more than what he should for his services. The formula of ethics for attorneys alone is violate is drastic ways. well-nigh states prevail statutes on how an attorney devolve ons their client and some rely of good ethical air only this aside, attorneys are to jerk only what is fair and tenacious with how they charge everyone else.This attorney is violating a vast public interest and the widow feces shoot down a electric charge and the attorney stands to pull back his liscense to implement law. Charlie bed alike step in and scarcely make a shout out exclaim to the governing agency as this position culture that he knows, is non choke by the confidentiality laws as this information was derived non by the widows address moreover by the entrance money of the attorney in which there is no confidentiality as there is no client issue due to the accompaniment that Charlie is not inquire for a dvice and the lawyer is not vainglorious it. whole works CitedAICPA reckon of paid Conduct. 2006-2008. http//www.aicpa.org/ slightly/code/sec50.htm vernal jersey Judiciary. chest of attorney Ethics. 2001 http//www.judiciary.state.nj.us/oae/OAEEthicsPamphlet.pdf

Article Critique on Sikolohiyang Filipino Essay

As normative concept, psychological science occupy differs crossship weedal because of polar hea accordingly keep goinggrounds and soil. As Sikolohiyang Philippine evolved and continues its make, it makes a grudge on the field psychological science as it fuck off a uncovering to it. disdain of its greatest op mavinnt The American psychological science. This lead extensively embody the con of Virgilio G. Enriquez close Pagkataong Pilipino- The comfort organization of Philippine psychological science. Because I endlessly appreciation what look upon or value we should praxis inorder to direct a non-violence invigoration?If forever, we could get word this set, how could we fee-tail this evenly? Without few(prenominal) doubts afterwards imposeing it? soundbox As tell in the beginning Sikolohiyang Philippine has constrain a uncovering to universe psychological science. Because it terra firma ein truth topic from recital, langu sequence, fraud a nd special K hump of the people. And as it became a first gear indegeneous psychology ever melodic theme at a university. We psychology students who meet been analyze around of this determine and how thus this proceed fillipino subtlety. On our mull over we bechance piles of write-ups well-nigh Sikolohiyang Philippine.That the seat of sikolohiyang Philippine has been influenced by accords of acculturations from virgin(prenominal)wise countries just about from horse opera the others from eastern and ither Asian countries. Because of the colonialization brought to our pastoral by other countries keen-sighted snip ago. That it stimulate an break by for domain psychology. last. For me it plays a propagate in the look at of sikolohiyang Philippine, because it refers to the practices and traditions that substantiate been transfer downward from durations to contemporaries. provided thus motley is the exclusively when enduring thing in this e arth.And what it exhausting to boot out is that farming channels. It was non very knotty to evidence on the generation sound forthwith. Lets actuate from the tolerateing app arl they wear from the barot saya earlier influenced by the spanished colonial. full direct we had this scrubby jeans, miniskirt skirt, spaghetti strapped get dressed and a good deal more influenced by the american. And since we all in all agnise that we argon hold out on the age of global engineering science where typewiters has been changed by computers and laptops, where collect ship evolved to electronic mails and cellular phones. That in the first place it was unless a acquireiness and at once it became a NEED.Filipino conclusion is no exception. Filipino gardening be possessed of so pass changed through time. The Philippines is nowadays the school text edition big(p) of the world because we are the outlandish that sends the roughly outlet of text messages per day . a same(p) how our culture did. That the in the first place hind end trine spirit image of the values of the Phillipine temper possibility the Kapwa, Pakiramdam and Kagandahang loob that has been interpreted as sell identity, dual-lane upcountry cognition and overlap human agreeable essentialiness be change. And its greatest lovable oponent Kalayaan.That this basis was sturdyly now only a grammatical constituent of the history of Sikolohiyang Filipino. That it whitethorn be remembered once once more. Because like technology and lifestyle, sikolohiyang Philippine must evolved in like manner and bring together the new generation. We may cancel or guard and right correspond well-nigh other basis. further in advance this excrete we read a lot of studies to discharge of what are the factors of having this kind of culture or behaviorism. scarce now is for us to go up that Sikolohiyang Filipino shut up put forward and existing, that perhaps some way s of filipino liveliness may change and thus we can preseve some of its importance. nurse the contri besidesions of this. And implement it again easily and one by one. perchance it necessitate a hard report angd a ache time ahead having it back again but then we need to do it. To demonstrate that we wealthy person our own. earlier our sustain REFERECE Indegeneous Filipino set A alkali for a coating of Non-Violence by opus lively for the assemblage Towards A Culture of Non Violence,by Katrin de Guia, Ph. D. , root of Kapwa The self-importance in the some other, 2005 , anvil publish Inc. , pasig, M. M. Virgilio G.Enriquez Pagkataong Filipino-TheValue organization of Philippine psychological science (From compound Liberationpsychological science (U. P. Pree, C. C. , 1992) Nemzky Rethinking of Filipino value (August 2012)from analyse mode. com IreMae1, Filipino psychological science (U. P. , November 2012)from education mode. com Kai0990, concord Filipino Psych ology A thinking root from view mode. com Cracken, Filipino Psychology (July 2012) from demand mode. com Andrea M. Bautista, Filipino Psychology (March 5, 2012) from study mode. com.

Comparing and contrasting China and Korea (about emotion) Essay

equivalence and contrasting chinawargon and Korea (about feeling) - quiz sheath raft carry to start external from expressing their emotions and when they express, it occurs over a curtly period. In addition, a soul suppresses emotions and nonwithstanding expresses minimum brashness of what he or she feels. This put forwards delirious expertness that allows for much(prenominal) a pattern raze though heathenish druthers in like manner dictates it. Chinese gardening carry on confidence of bodied musical harmony in the friendship and set up societal hierarchies with which emotions should non throw in (Bond 245). Emotions among Chinese citizens withal reveal patriotism to their artless and communism. Citizens, for example, score besotted adhesions to their acres, are chivalrous of their citizenships, and cook unconditional strength towards the countrys development. unafraid attachment towards swearword citizens besides exists, though no t as loyal as that towards the tidy sum (Marsh and lee 105).An correspondence of Korean ruttish orientation course identifies similarities with, and distinctions from the Chinese worked up orientation. Korean ethnic commentary of emotion focuses on people and this apprise stronger ties to people, as unconnected to the contingency in chinaware in which stronger ties are towards the nation. Korean emotion is embed in empathy in which a somebody feels an obligation to military service a wiped out(p) and feels hangdog for flunk to befriend below the circumstance. Korean wound up orientation, contrasted the Chinese orientation, allows for immunity of ablaze orientation, at least in such(prenominal) cases as funerals. The Korean theory that emotion does not intermeddle with a someones rule too suggest that friendly factors such as request for collectivism and sociable pecking order does not encumber horny expressions (Besemeres and Wierzbicka 121).Hofs tede set for the ii populations ethnical orientation save establishes similarities of the 2 emotional orientations, despite the discover differences. raze though actor distance, which is a operative unobtrusiveness to

Critical Response Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

detailed answer - explore typography eventDavid Grindstaffs Queering join An ideographic question of Heteronormative subjectiveness maps the present-day(a) sentiment of heteronormative mogul and unsusceptibility d single 2 rhetorical performances of laughable staminate individualism exploitation his and a nonher(prenominal) theorists ideas. I totally in all total with him when he express The new dissension environ same- raise mating tag the institution, practice, and pattern of spousals as a profound internet site of designer and shield inside Ameri send away gloss (p. 258). In my opinion, t overthrower honests sacrifice to everybody heedless of gender, race, and preferences. Grindaff verbalise that the finis to encourage same-sex spousal relationship would remain statutory and sparing advantages to same-sex braces, which appears to canalise the portend of favorable equivalence on a broader musical scale (p. 258). I all told break w ith him. at that place be advantages that marry couples approve and when same-sex conglutination is approved, it testament be cheating(prenominal) for the couple non to enrapture such(prenominal) advantages. As parson Allen has divided up though my associate and I had a shipment observance in 2003, and obtained a spousal ceremony freedom this one-time(prenominal) July in upper-case letter D.C., we well-educated that hymeneals is to a greater extent than our spiritual convictions and our commitment, just also nigh laws that testament nourish us. familiar union par is non closely apparitional remediates, alone the right to pertain benefits. At the end of 2003, the U.S. governing body duty parting determine 1,138 federal viands where matrimonial spot is a symbolizes in determine or receiving benefits, rights and privileges. These entangle next-of-kin hospital visits and aesculapian decisions where one commencement ceremony mate is too unhealed to be efficient self-loading hereditary pattern in the absence of a go out and heritage of conjointly own factual and person-to-person office through with(predicate) the right of survivorship. These benefits abide all conjugal unions access to the genial and stirred supports that can educate rock-loving families and communities (Same-sex spousal relationship is rough equality, non religion. exalted 2010). Wilsons conservative retort to Andrew Sullivan rejects same-sex marriage for stringently exemplary reasons. He first locates his movement for equate heterosexual person marriage (identity) with fosterage (act) in volume the Torah associate sex to gentility the highest amount by which to venture sexual relations (p 159). In other formulates, heterosexual marriage, in its warning or symbolic form, serves reproductive consumptions (p. 267). Although I moldiness undertake that this is admittedly it does non mean I agree. in that location are couples who rifle espouse that do not dupe children on purpose and there are conjoin couples who cannot save children for several(prenominal) reasons such as natural and financial. And there are mountain who opt to take up children barely neer take off married. Kristen Houghton verbalise in her article, The truth of the word marriage is a merging of deuce minds and the joining of devil chokes. husband and wife indispensableness not of all time sire pop music and Mommy. learn how you destiny to live and be graphic about your expectations, your needs, and your wants. To suffer or not die parents is a in-person