5 Categories of Unnecessary Scare Quotes

5 Categories of Unnecessary Scare Quotes 5 Categories of Unnecessary Scare Quotes 5 Categories of Unnecessary Scare Quotes By Mark Nichol Each of the sentences in this post demonstrates a distinct example of superfluous use of quotation marks to call attention to a word or phrase. The discussion following each example explains why the scare quotes are extraneous. 1. Companies need to reevaluate, and perhaps â€Å"retrofit,† their existing programs. Retrofit is not being used in its literal sense of â€Å"renovating to enhance structural resistance to earthquake damage,† but analogous use of the word does not require scare quotes, which are helpful only when the analogy is obscure: â€Å"Companies need to reevaluate, and perhaps retrofit, their existing programs.† 2. Such a strategy must include thinking â€Å"outside the box.† Idiomatic phrases, like single words used as nonliteral analogies, are generally understood as such and do not require special emphasis: â€Å"Such a strategy must include thinking outside the box.† 3. So-called â€Å"softer† impediments often require as much attention as technical hurdles. So-called signals that a word or phrase is not being used in a literal or customary sense. Scare quotes signal that a word or phrase is not being used in a literal or customary sense. Redundancy is not necessary, nor is it required: â€Å"So-called softer impediments often require as much attention as technical hurdles.† 4. Information should be restricted to those individuals designated as having a â€Å"need to know.† Words and phrases adopted from specialized contexts- otherwise known as jargon (such an introduction of a concept as this doesn’t merit quotation marks, either)- are either sufficiently transparent in meaning that they don’t need emphasis or definition or should be omitted in favor of clear wording; in this case, a phrase originating in the milieu of classified government documents is self-evident: â€Å"Information should be restricted to those individuals designated as having a need to know.† 5. It is imperative to understand â€Å"what to do† as well as â€Å"what not to do.† Here, the writer invites the reader to glean the key phrases in the sentence, but the gist of the statement is obvious, and the scare quotes are distracting and not at all helpful: â€Å"It is imperative to understand what to do as well as what not to do.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Idioms About NumbersWork of Art TitlesWood vs. Wooden

A Look at the Pardoner... essays

A Look at the Pardoner... essays A Look at the Pardoner: the Genius of Chaucer The Canterbury Tales is a literary masterpiece in which the brilliant author Geoffrey Chaucer sought out to accomplish various goals. Chaucer wrote his tales during the late 1300s. This puts him right at the beginning of the decline of the Middle Ages. Historically, we know that a middle class was just starting to take shape at this time, due to the emerging commerce industry. Chaucer was able to see the importance and future success of the middle class, and wrote his work with them in mind. Knowing that the middle class was not interested in lofty philosophical literature, Chaucer wrote his work as an extremely comical and entertaining piece that would be more interesting to his audience. Also, Chaucer tried to reach the middle class by writing The Canterbury Tales in English, the language of the middle class rather than French, the language of the educated upper class. The most impressive aspect of Chaucers writing is how he incorporated into his piece some of his own contro versial views of society, but yet kept it very entertaining and light on the surface level. One of the most prevalent of these ideas was his view that certain aspects of the church had become corrupt. This idea sharply contrasted previous Middle Age thought, which excepted the churchs absolute power and goodness unquestionably. He used corrupt church officials in his tales to illustrate to his audience that certain aspects of the church needed to be reformed. The most intriguing of these characters was the Pardoner. Chaucers satirical account of the Pardoner is written in a very matter-of-fact manner that made it even more unsettling with his audience. Chaucer uses his straightforwardness regarding the hypocrisy of the Pardoner, suggestive physiognomy of the character, and an interesting scene at the conclusion of the Pardoners Tale to inculcate his views of the church to his...

Comprehensive Case Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Comprehensive Case Analysis - Research Paper Example Thus they have to educate, integrate and even retain a rapidly changing and diverse working population. If I were goldstone, I would have also taken the same move considering the increased cases of deaths from HIV/AIDS employees (Nkomo, Fottler, & MacAfee, 2008). However, I would come into a consensus with the families of the employees to ensure that we share the costs. This case has furthered my thinking on human resources management. It has made me understand that there are ethical considerations involved in business decisions and it is upon the human resource department to determine what the company is capable to offer. This is considering the company’s available resources and its goals and objectives. As a health care manager, this case has made me realize the importance of a healthy workforce in an organization. It is important for an organization to invest in the health of its workers to ensure that they maximize on their potential thus increasing on their productivity. Moreover, a healthy workforce ensures that an organization cuts on costs and achieves its goals and objectives (Burke & Cooper,

The Ideology of Liberalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Ideology of Liberalism - Essay Example This essay discusses terminology of Industrialism, Liberalism, Socialism and Romanticism. Also it describes some societal and economic factors, that led to the birth of mentioned ideologies. Industrialism witnessed the dilution of the absolute power of the monarchy and the old aristocracy. The middle class, comprised of newly prosperous manufacturers, merchants and bankers, and professionals, used their economic strength to demand a greater role in the political structure. The tenets of early Liberalism included the belief in meritocracy, as opposed to inherited privilege, the guarantee of property and contract rights, the enshrinement of the Bill of Rights, and the rejection of state interference in the economy: a laissez-faire policy. The ideology of Socialism also had its roots in the rise of industrialism. The rise of the middle-class to economic and political prominence, and the unfettered pursuit of profit, widened the social and economic divide between the working classes and the new bourgeoisie. Romanticism, which emphasized the search for direct communication with nature, and the concept of humans as unique individuals, is another ideology which can trace its origins to the reaction of intellectuals to the materialism and mechanization of Industrialism, and to the tenets of Liberalism. In conclusion, the essay states that the ideologies, that were engendered by the Industrial Revolution continue to influence the principles which govern politics and society in the twenty-first century.

Lending Decision Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lending Decision - Case Study Example It has tremendous staying power. But it is time to change. It has to take a good look at how others in the same field are doing business and catch up with them. There is nothing wrong in the figures. The figures are only representative of the facts. Past performance of Coles is not going to help its future prospects unless the causes of the dismal figures are rectified. The company's accounts department is doing its job well. Problem is somewhere in the communications system and customer relations policies. Not enough seems to be happening to attract better customer base. Painting rosy pictures year after year cannot be a solution. The company must look lean and handsome in the sight of its patrons. Good advertisements, sponsorship of popular events, forays into new areas of business or expansion of good, existing ones must seen to be happening every now and then to build customers and investors confidence. Make a list of large potential customers like hotels, restaurants and other eating joints. Marketing strategies must go hand in hand with understanding and catering to the needs of individual as well as corporate clients. Concentrate on products that yield better profit margin location-wise. Product A may rake in higher profit margin in one location, whereas Product B may show similar margin in another location.

Cultural Impacts on Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa (AN)

Cultural Impacts on Eating Disorders: Anorexia Nervosa (AN) Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder most commonly affecting adolescent women (Russell 1970, 132). The diagnostic criteria for anorexia is defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical manual of the American Psychiatric Association 4th ed (DSM-IV) as excessive dieting or exercise leading to extreme weight loss, a refusal to gain weight, disturbance in body shape perception and amenorrhea (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). It has been suggested that the psychopathologies behind AN arise from within a cultural framework, namely the Western culture (Bordo 1993, 141-145). The Western ideals of beauty and portrayal of a slim body type in relation to attractiveness and healthiness have perpetuated a culture of thinness and fat-phobia, from which AN manifests from extreme measures taken to achieve these conceptions (Bordo 1993, 146-149). Furthermore, in recent years AN has become a transcultural disorder, affecting non-Western cultures influenced by Western culture such as the Chi nese, Fijians and African Americans. Mass media has enabled widespread access to Western culture, resulting in a global culture phenomenon that has increased the incidence of eating disorders such as AN worldwide (Simpson, 2002, 66-67). In addition, cultural assimilation as well as cultural clash in those who must balance their traditional culture with the modern Western culture has been shown to contribute to a predisposition towards AN, as a result of self-conflicts and unstable self-identity (Shuriquie, 1999, 355). Finally, some have advocated for a more culturally sensitive definition of AN, which currently is thought to be Western-centric in its definition. Proponents advocate the consideration of individual sociocultural factors, notably unrelated to the culture of thinness, contributing to the development of AN within the context of local biologies (Simpson, 2002, 68-69). Thus AN must be analyzed from within a transcultural framework, one which encompasses the influences of t he Western culture on perceptions of the body as well as considers the specific cultural context, which sheds light on causes of AN. Anorexia is considered a Western culture-bound phenomenon as a result of the current sociopolitical demands placed upon women in regards to the ideals of beauty, body shapes, and feminism (Derenne and Beresin 2006, 257). The term culture-bound denotes a restriction of a phenomenon within a particular cultural group due to specific social, political, culture and psychological factors from within that culture (Prince 1985, 197-198). As most American women are preoccupied with their weight, AN could simply be an extreme manifestation of the nation-wide preoccupation with weight and body image (Lake 1999, 83-84). Historically, the concept of the ideal female body was fluid, changing with the political and economic climate, which affected cultural values and thus attitudes toward female bodies. During the colonial era, strong, fertile, able-bodied women were favoured, as they would be capable of assisting with chores as well as bearing many children to increase family size. Times changed in the 19th century with the introduction of a more comfortable lifestyle, when the waifish look became popular and women sported short hair, pants and a slender, androgynous look that symbolized feminism and liberation. Since then, there has been a cultural trend towards thinness, with famous models such as Twiggy becoming household idols, culminating in todays nation-wide obsession with weight-watching, calorie-counting and dieting (Derenne and Beresin 2006, 258-259). It is the mass media portrayal of the ideal thin female body as attractive, desirable and healthy that has further perpetuated the culture of thinness, targeting particularly vulnerable women young adolescents and teenage girls. Coincidentally, pre-teens, teenagers and adolescent females have the highest incidence of AN (Borzekowski 2005, 289). Recently, the incidence of AN has increased in pre-teen and teenage girls, as they are often the main target audience for a variety of media, which present unrealistic expect ations of their body shapes (Borzekowski 2005, 290-291). Fashion magazines often depict thin women as desirable and healthy, television ads promote the latest technological invention that helps a woman lose weight and the Internet offers countless websites with tips on eating healthy, keeping off the fat, appetite suppressants and 0 calorie dietary supplements. Particularly notable are the pro-anorexia websites that proclaim AN to be a lifestyle choice, offer advice on weight management, effective dieting strategies and community support encouraging AN (Derenne and Beresin 2006, 258-259) . This bombardment of social and cultural expectations to be thin in order to be attractive has predominated Western culture since the 19th century and has not only grown, but crossed cultural boundaries through communication via mass media to affect other cultural groups (Shuriquie 1999, 356-357). Thus, it is reasonable to conclude that the psychiatric problems behind AN may be described as a set o f particular symptoms that arise from within a cultural framework the Western culture of thinness. The origin of AN may have arisen from Western cultural values, but there have been an increasing number of reports of eating disorders such as AN in non-Western populations, challenging the notion that AN is a Western culture-bound syndrome. This trend is attributed to the exposure of non-Western cultures to Western culture via mass media. One study has shown that Hispanic and South African girls exhibit AN, influenced by their exposure to Western media, suggesting that AN transcends cultural and socioeconomic boundaries (Nasser 1994, 26-27). It was previously believed that the mentioned group of people were protected from modern Western influences, due to their traditions of embracing larger, full-bodied women. Yet, a study conducted by Becker (Becker 2002, 509) found that the women of a group of islanders hailing from the South Pacific Ocean, the Fijians, have been heavily influenced by the Western culture of thinness. There were no reports of eating disorders in the Fijian populat ion until 1995, when an international television station was broadcasted for the first time, depicting Western media. Three years later, reports of dissatisifation with body image, attempts to control weight such as dieting and self-induced vomiting were heard, suggesting that these Fijian women were significantly affected by the Western cultural ideals of the perfect body and perhaps could not distinguish between the idealism and concepts of perfection that television presented and reality. Despite a tradition of favourably viewing full-bodied women (Becker 1995, 27-29), a few years of exposure to Western cultural and perceptions of beauty have negatively impacted the Fijians. Anthropologists have studied the reasons behind the heavy influence of Western culture and have suggested that less developed, non-Western populations such as the Fijians regard the values portrayed by Western culture as symbols of socioeconomic progression, high social status and social acceptance (Shuriquie 1999, 358-360) and thus strive to emulate and assimilate Western culture values within their local cultures. Streigel-Moore points out that even African American groups within the United States have shown increasing incidence of AN, stemming from a desire to participate in the white world (Striegel-Moore 2003, 1326-1328). Similarly, a study conducted by Nasser on the prevalence of AN in teenage Egyptian girls in Cairo indicated that traditional Egyptian values of larger, fertile women have not conferred protective effects from the assimilation of Western conceptions of the ideal body type via mass media in young Egyptian women (Nasser 1994, 28-30). These findings highlight a phenomenon known as global culture, where the world is connected via media, allowing cultural values to be readily accessible by other cultures across the globe (Banks 1992, 867). In this instance, global culture has contributed to the rising incidences of eating disorders such as AN, which has ultimately becom e a transcultural disorder that is not limited by cultural boundaries. In addition to the global cultural phenomenon, some have argued that those immigrating to the West from non-Western cultures experience cultural clash, leading to greater risk of psychiatric disorders such as AN (Lee 1996, 21-23). Studies have indicated that those who are assimilated into Western culture are less impacted by media-driven concepts such as dieting and maintaining a slender frame than those who choose to maintain their own cultural values while living in a Western culture. Culture clash occurs when an individual adopts two cultural systems, which are often in conflict. Mumford and Whitehouse have shown that Asian girls in the United Kingdom that have not acculturated struggle to balance their beliefs and attitudes at home, where their traditional culture dominantes, and at school, where there is pressure to conform to the norms of the Western culture (Mumford and Whitehouse 1991, 222-225). Unfortunately, the unrealistic expectations of body shape is often taken as the n orm in individuals affected by this cultural clash, leading to increased vulnerability to the negative influences of Western culture on body image and subsequently increased susceptibility to AN. These findings interestingly point to the influence of a non-Western culture within the context of Western culture not as protective, but exacerbative of eating disorders. Although the phenomena of global culture and culture clash demonstrate the extensiveness and impact of Western cultural values on the rest of the world, it has been argued that attributing the cause and symptoms of AN solely to the sociocultural influence of the West may be inaccurate. The culture of thinness may be pervasive, but it is not the sole explanation for AN. Simpson claims that the prevailing biomedical definition of anorexia as a psychiatric disorder characterized by fat phobia and a distorted perspective on body image is itself a cultural construction within the confines of the Western culture (Simpson 2002, 66-70). This suggests a need to adopt a culturally-sensitive definition of AN, one which stems from within the context of local biologies rather a universal framework. Fat-phobia is currently the defining characteristic in AN, but there have been accounts of those with an eating disorder very similar to AN, except for the obvious lack of fat-phobia. Simpson presents reports of Chinese women suffering from AN who do not report fat-phobia. Rather, they attribute chronic epigastric bloating and a loss of appetite to their disinclination to eat (Simpson 2002, 68). In another case, a woman refuses to eat after being separated from her boyfriend, citing abdominal discomforts and a disinterest in food (Simpson 2002, 68). These psychosomatic symptoms are a result of somatization (Kleinman 1989, 57), where the illness symptoms of AN manifests from social problems, rather than any dissatisfaction of body shape. Psychosomatic symptoms are commonly reported in the Chinese population and contribute to the etiology of AN, although they are not included in the DSM-IV criteria. Furthermore, some women from conservative religious fundamentalist backgrounds have been cited to abstain from food, as a result of their beliefs about food, the body, femininity and spirituality (Simpson 2002, 68). Similarly, Mogul discusses a case where an anorexic patient refused foo d and fasted to the point of emaciation due to a religious belief that attainment of the highest spirituality and freedom from materialism came with a rejection of the temptations of food (Mogul 1980, 51). Thus, explaining AN within a Western cultural framework establishes a limited perspective of the disorder that does not take into account the personal, sociocultural factors within local biologies that contribute to various forms of AN. Ultimately, AN is not a universal disorder, but a transcultural disorder. AN should not be viewed within the confines of any one culture, but rather understood to be a cross-cultural phenomenon. Essentially, AN is a psychiatric disorder with multi-factorial causes, requiring the incorporation of the Western cultural preoccupation with fat-phobia and unrealistic body shape expectations and the cross-cultural psychological and sociocultural reasons within local biologies to arrive at a holistic and culture-sensitive definition. References Russell, Gerald F. M. 1970. Anorexia nervosa: Its identity as an illness and its treatment. In Modern Trends in Psychological Medicine. Butterworths: London. American Psychiatric Association. 1994. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Washington, DC: AMA. Bordo, S. 1993. Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body. University of California Press. Simpson, K. J. 2002. Anorexia nervosa and culture. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. 9, 65-71. Shuriquie, N. 1999. Eating disorders: a transcultural perspective. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 5(2):354-360. Derenne, J. L. and Beresin, E. V. 2006. Body Image, Media, and Eating Disorders. Academic Psychiatry. 30:257-261. Prince, R. 1985. The concept of culture-bound syndromes: anorexia and brainfag. Social Science and Medicine. 21:197-203. Lake, A. J., Staiger, P. K. Glowinksi, H. 1999. Effect of Western Culture on Womens Attitudes to Eating and Perceptions of Body Shape. International Journal of Eating Disorders. 27:83-89. Borzekowski, D. L., Bayer, A. M. 2005. Body image and media use among adolescents. Adolescent Medicine. 16:289-313. Nasser, M. 1994. Screening for abnormal eating attitudes in a population of Egyptian secondary-school girls.Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology. 29:25-30. Becker, A. E., Burwell, R. A., Gilman, S. E. et al. 2002. Eating behaviours and attitudes following prolonged exposure to television among ethnic Fijian adolescent girls. British Journal of Psychiatry. 180:509-514. Becker, A. 1995. Body Imagery, ideals and Cultivation: Discourses on Alienation and Integration. In Body Self and Society: The View from Fiji. Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press. Striegel-Moore, R. H. 2003. Eating Disorders in White and Black Women. American Journal of Psychiatry. 160:1326-1331. Banks, C. G. 1992. Culture in Culture-Bound Syndromes: The Case of Anorexia Nervosa. Social Science and Medicine. 34(8):867-884. Lee, S. 1996. Reconsidering the status of anorexia nervosa as a Western culture-bound syndrome. Social Science and Medicine. 42:21-34. Mumford, D. B., Whitehouse, A. M. 1991. Sociocultural correlates of eating disorders among Asian school girls in Bradford.British Journal of Psychiatry. 158:222-228. Kleinman, A. 1989. The Illness Narratives: Suffering, Healing, And The Human Condition. Basic Books. Mogul, S. L. 1980. Asceticism in adolescence and anorexia nervosa. Psychoanalytical Studies on Children. 35:155-175.

Officer Class in Journeys End by RC Sheriff :: Journeys End Literature War Military Essays

Officer Class in Journey’s End During the World War many people found themselves in mid filled trenches eating rations and living with a host of creatures including rats, mice and many insects. There was however a group of people who did not sleep so rough, the officers, no matter what rank of officer you were you would sleep in a quarters with other officers and not with the men and you would have your own personal cook. Although the living conditions were not up to standards with even a one star hotel, they were easier to bear than what the soldiers had to. In this essay I will be talking about what you learn about the officers in the book â€Å"Journey’s End†. I will be discussing their hobbies and values. The officers shared the same kind of upbringing; all came from private schools and were highly educated. Raleigh and Stanhope both came from the same school and were friends outside school, often visiting one and others homes. Osborne and Trotter have been working in different jobs for a while before being drafted whereas Stanhope and Raleigh came straight from school into the officer’s life. Not much is known about trotter as he is not talked about much in the story but it is my assumption that he was also from a private school. Osborne and Trotter were both drafted as officers because of their professions; they are both regarded highly in society. Stanhope and Raleigh however were drafted as officers because of the professions of family members, Stanhope’s father is a vicar and Raleigh’s uncle is a senior officer, meaning he is most likely from a military background. In terms of age of the officers, Osborne is by far the most aged of the officers being called uncle says this quite clearly that they are mocking his age in a friendly manner. Though Osborne is older Stanhope is senior to him, many comments are made that Osborne should run the company but Osborne sticks up for the young commander. Although Stanhope is superior he values the opinion of his lower officers. It is clear from the conversations that they all enjoy sport, especially â€Å"Ruggers† or rugby as more commonly known. It shows that they are all abundant in physical strength and it shows that Stanhope has good leadership skills as he captained the cricket team in school. Osborne however trumps him by telling Raleigh how he capped for the England rugby team, but he swore Raleigh to secrecy so he may be lying about that. The officers are all fighting so that they can get back to their

Desires Baby Essay

In past America women did not have the rights that they have today. This is very apparent in History as well as literature. In â€Å"Desire’s Baby† by Kate Chopin, she characterizes Desire by starting her off as being no one, then she becomes something to someone, and throughout everything she is disrespected. In the beginning, Kate Chopin characterizes Desire by being no one. â€Å"The prevailing belief was that she had been purposely left by a party of Texans†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This shows Desire as being no one because nobody really knows where she came from or why she was there. In past American daughters were not important to the family as much as the sons were so the Texans most likely left her because there wasn’t enough food for her to. She had just appeared in Valmonde one day. She had met a guy named Armand. â€Å"He was reminded she was once nameless†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This is a great example of how Desire was no one because she didn’t even have a name. This is how Kate Chopin characterizes Desire as being no one in the beginning. As the story goes on, Kate Chopin characterizes Desire by becoming someone to Armand. â€Å"†¦Armand Aubigny fell in love, as if he had been struck by a pistol shot.† This is a great quote because falling in love means that two people truly care about each other, that means Desire became something to Armand. Back in the day it was a blessing for the Woman to be asked to get married to a man. Armand married Desire and she soon became pregnant with his baby boy. â€Å"†¦the birth of his son had softened Armand†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This shows that Armand cared about Desire and his family. He was softened and proud of her for bringing such a thing into the world. This is how Kate Chopin characterizes Desire as being so one to Armand. Throughout everything, Kate Chopin characterizes Desire as getting disrespected. It all started when they noticed their child was black. â€Å"It means,† he answered lightly, â€Å"that the child is not white; it means that you are not white.† This shows Desire was being disrespected because he wrongly accused her of being black because that was the easy way out for him. â€Å"Moreover he no longer loved her†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This quote shows Desire was disrespected because he just fell out of love with her because of a misunderstanding; it was also disrespect because he was not willing to try to find out anything about the situation. In past America it was no un common for women to get mistreated my men. This is how Kate Chopin Characterizes Desire as getting disrespected. In conclusion, in the story â€Å"Desires Baby† by Kate Chopin, Kate characterizes Desire because she starts off as no one. Desire didn’t know who her parents were and she didn’t even have a name. In early America the daughters were not that important to a family. The Kate Chopin characterizes Desire as meaning something to Armand. Armand fell in love with her as if he had been struck by a pistol shot, that means she meant something to him. Back then it was a blessing to get asked to marry someone. Lastly, Kate Chopin characterizes Desire as being disrespected, because Armand and Desire found out their son was not white and Armand wrongly accuses Desire as being black. She was also disrespected by him falling out of love with her fast. In past America it was common for women to get treated badly. All in all this is how Kate Chopin characterizes Desire as being a round character.

Daniel OConnell - Biography of Irish Statesman

Daniel OConnell - Biography of Irish Statesman Daniel OConnell was an Irish patriot who came to exert enormous influence on the relationship between Ireland and its British rulers during the first half of the 19th century. OConnell, a gifted orator, and charismatic figure rallied the Irish people and helped secure some degree of civil rights for the long-oppressed Catholic population. Seeking reform and progress through legal means, OConnell was not really involved in the periodic Irish rebellions of the 19th century. Yet his arguments provided the inspiration for generations of Irish patriots. OConnells signature political achievement was the securing of Catholic Emancipation. His later Repeal Movement, which sought to repeal the Act of Union between Britain and Ireland, was ultimately unsuccessful. But his management of the campaign, which included Monster Meetings which drew hundreds of thousands of people, inspired Irish patriots for generations. It is impossible to overstate the importance of OConnell to Irish life in the 19th century. After his death, he became a venerated hero both in Ireland and among the Irish who had emigrated to America. In many Irish-American households of the 19th century, a lithograph of Daniel OConnell would hang in a prominent location. Childhood in Kerry O’Connell was born on August 6, 1775, in County Kerry, in the west of Ireland. His family was somewhat unusual in that while Catholic, they were considered members of the gentry, and they owned land. The family practiced an ancient tradition of â€Å"fosterage,† in which a child of wealthy parents would be raised in the household of a peasant family. This was said to make the child deal with hardships, and other advantages would be that the child would learn the Irish language as well as local traditions and folklore practices. In his later youth, an uncle nicknamed â€Å"Hunting Cap† O’Connell doted on young Daniel, and often took him hunting in the rough hills of Kerry. The hunters used hounds, but as the landscape was too rough for horses, the men and boys would have to run after the hounds. The sport was rough and could be dangerous, but young O’Connell loved it. Studies in Ireland and France Following classes taught by a local priest in Kerry, O’Connell was sent to a Catholic school in the city of Cork for two years. As a Catholic, he couldn’t enter the universities in England or Ireland at the time, so his family sent him and his younger brother Maurice to France for further studies. While in France, the French Revolution broke out. In 1793 O’Connell and his brother were forced to flee the violence. They made their way to London safely, but with little more than the clothes on their backs. The passing of Catholic Relief Acts in Ireland made it possible for O’Connell to study for the bar, and in the mid-1790s he studied at schools in London and Dublin. In 1798 O’Connell was admitted to the Irish bar. Radical Attitudes While a student, O’Connell read widely and absorbed current ideas of the Enlightenment, including such authors as Voltaire, Rousseau, and Thomas Paine. He later became friendly with the English philosopher Jeremy Bentham, an eccentric character known for advocating a philosophy of â€Å"utilitarianism.† While O’Connell remained a Catholic for the rest of his life, he also always thought of himself as a radical and a reformer. Revolution of 1798 A revolutionary fervor was sweeping Ireland in the late 1790s, and Irish intellectuals such as Wolfe Tone were dealing with the French in hopes that French involvement could lead to Ireland’s liberation from England. O’Connell, however, having escaped from France, was not inclined to align himself with groups seeking French aid. When the Irish countryside erupted in rebellions of the United Irishmen in the spring and summer of 1798, O’Connell was not directly involved. His allegiance was actually to the side of law and order, so in that sense, he sided with British rule. However, he later said that he wasn’t approving of the British rule of Ireland, but he felt that open revolt would be disastrous. The 1798 uprising was particularly bloody, and the butchery in Ireland hardened his opposition to violent revolution. Legal Career of Daniel OConnell Marrying a distant cousin in July 1802, O’Connell soon had a young family to support. And though his law practice was successful and constantly growing, he was also always in debt. As O’Connell became one of the most successful lawyers in Ireland, he was known for winning cases with his sharp wit and extensive knowledge of the law. In the 1820s O’Connell was deeply involved with the Catholic Association, which promoted the political interests of the Catholics in Ireland. The organization was funded by very small donations which any poor farmer could afford. Local priests often urged those in the peasant class to contribute and become involved, and the Catholic Association became a widespread political organization. Daniel OConnell Runs for Parliament In 1828, OConnell ran for a seat in the British Parliament as the member from County Clare, Ireland. This was controversial as he would be barred from taking his seat if he won, as he was Catholic and Members of Parliament were required to take a Protestant oath. OConnell, with the support of poor tenant farmers who often walked miles to vote for him, won the election. As a Catholic Emancipation bill had recently passed, due in large measure to agitation from the Catholic Association, OConnell was eventually able to take his seat. As might be expected, OConnell was a reformer in Parliament, and some called him by the nickname, The Agitator. His great goal was to repeal the Act of Union, the 1801 law which had dissolved the Irish Parliament and united Ireland with Great Britain. Much to his despair, he was never able to see Repeal become a reality. Monster Meetings In 1843, OConnell mounted a great campaign for Repeal of the Act of Union and held enormous gatherings, called Monster Meetings, across Ireland. Some of the rallies drew crowds of up to 100,000. The British authorities, of course, were greatly alarmed. In October 1843 OConnell planned a huge meeting in Dublin, which British troops were ordered to suppress. With his aversion to violence, OConnell canceled the meeting. Not only did he lose prestige with some followers, but the British arrested and jailed him for conspiracy against the government. Return to Parliament OConnell returned to his seat in Parliament just as the Great Famine ravaged Ireland. He gave a speech in the House of Commons urging aid for Ireland and was mocked by the British. In poor health, OConnell traveled to Europe in hopes of recuperating, and while en route to Rome he died in Genoa, Italy on May 15, 1847. He remained a great hero to the Irish people. A grand statue of OConnell was placed on the main street of Dublin, which was later renamed OConnell Street in his honor.

Convection Currents and How They Work

Convection Currents and How They Work Convection currents are flowing fluid that is moving because there is a temperature or density difference within the material. Because particles within a solid are fixed in place, convection currents are only seen in gases and liquids. A temperature difference leads to energy transfer from an area of higher energy to one of lower energy. Convection is a heat transfer process. When currents are produced, matter is moved from one location to another. So, this is also a mass transfer process. Convection that occurs naturally is called natural convection or free convection. If a fluid is circulated using a fan or a pump, its called forced convection. The cell formed by convection currents is called a convection cell or  Bà ©nard cell. Why Convection Currents Form A temperature difference causes particles to move, creating a current. In gases and plasma, a temperature difference also leads to regions of higher and lower density, where atoms and molecules move to fill in areas of low pressure. In short, hot fluids rise while cold fluids sink. Unless an energy source is present (e.g., sunlight, heat), convection currents only continue until a uniform temperature is reached. Scientists analyze the forces acting on a fluid to categorize and understand convection. These forces may include gravity, surface tension, concentration differences, electromagnetic fields, vibrations, and bond formation between molecules. Convection currents can be modeled and described using convection-diffusion equations, which are scalar transport equations. Examples of Convection Currents and Energy Scale You can observe convection currents in water boiling  in a pot. Simply add a few peas or bits of paper to trace the current flow. The heat source at the bottom of the pan heats the water, giving it more energy and causing the molecules to move faster. The temperature change also affects the density of the water. As water rises toward the surface, some of it has enough energy to escape as vapor. Evaporation cools the surface enough to make some molecules sink back toward the bottom of the pan again.A simple example of convection currents is warm air rising toward the ceiling or attic of a house. Warm air is less dense than cool air, so it rises.Wind is an example of a convection current. Sunlight or reflected light radiates heat, setting up a temperature difference that causes the air to move. Shady or moist areas are cooler, or able to absorb heat, adding to the effect. Convection currents are part of what drives global circulation of the Earths atmosphere.Combustion generates conv ection currents. The exception is that combustion in a zero-gravity environment lacks buoyancy, so hot gases dont naturally rise, allowing fresh oxygen to feed the flame. The minimal convection in zero-g causes many flames to smother themselves in their own combustion products. On a larger scale, atmospheric and oceanic circulation are the large-scale movement of air and water (the hydrosphere), respectively. The two processes work in conjunction with each other. Convection currents in the air and sea lead to weather.Magma in the Earths mantle moves in convection currents. The hot core heats the material above it, causing it to rise toward the crust, where it cools. The heat comes from the intense pressure on the rock, combined with the energy released from natural radioactive decay of elements. The magma cant continue to rise, so it moves horizontally and sinks back down.The stack effect or chimney effect describes convection currents moving gases through chimneys or flues. The buoyancy of air inside and outside of a building is always different due to temperature and humidity differences. Increasing the height of a building or stack increases the magnitude of the effect. This is the principle on which cooling towers are based.Convection currents are evide nt in the sun. The granules seen in the suns photosphere are the tops of convection cells. In the case of the sun and other stars, the fluid is plasma rather than a liquid or gas.

Business and Management Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Business and Management - Personal Statement Example I also took money for giving out keys to the clients and maintained a strong relationship with the clients for continuous business transactions. My experience and passion for business have also been informed by my duration of work at Psh, a car rental company, in 2012. I worked as a part-time agent with the organization for six months where I dealt with high clients and luxury cars. In this role, I took deposits, organized appointments, and showed the cars to the clients. I believe that the skills I have gained make me competent personnel in the field of business and management. I also take myself as a multi-cultural being based on the diverse language skills I have acquired that will enable me relevant in any part of the world where the languages apply. The experience makes me qualified to own and manage my own business in the future. My hobbies include reading books, swimming, going out with friends and listening to music. The idea of learning to communicate with people of diverse language and cultural origins has appealed to me over the years, which I hope to accomplish by being my own manager in the

Political movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Political movement - Essay Example ( Schock, 2005), has made a study of the phenomenon of non-violent resistance in authoritarian contexts by taking the political movements in six countries as comparative case studies. The countries he put under this socio-analytical scanner are South Africa, Burma, Philippines, Nepal, Thailand and China. He further makes a distinction between the movements as those won a democratic victory and those who failed under repression. South Africa, Nepal, Philippines and Thailand are the winning examples of democracy, while Burma and China still remain under the autocratic rule. The study is limited in time, its purview being a rather historically short period which extents from 1980 to 2005. In his book, Kurt Schock’s attempt is focussed on evolving a set of cause-effect equations underlying these successes and failures. The social movements of Burma and South Africa are particularly significant to our review of this work, as the former failed just after reaching the brink of success, while the latter persevered and went up to the victory post in full glory and flamboyance. In view of the great momentum that both political movements achieved in late 80s, it was only natural to expect both to be victorious. The search for a reason to why this did not happen led Schock to point out certain factors key to the success of a non-violent social movement under an authoritarian regime. Kurt Schock says that, two basic conditions must be met for a resistance movement to contribute to political transformations. First, â€Å"the challenge must be able to withstand repression, and second, the challenge must undermine state power† (2005, p.49). These are the two broad yardsticks used to analyse the social movements in Burma and South Africa. He also theorizes that social and political transformation occurs only after a sustained period of challenge in which multiple forms of